DEADTIME
The interval between the arrival of an x-ray pulse signal and the time that the system (including detector and amplifier electronics) is ready to receive the next one is defined as the deadtime. The deadtime correction is only significant at count rates above 10K to 20K counts per second (cps). For example, if the deadtime is 1 us and the count rate is 10K cps, the count rate will be reduced by 1%.
The best way to determine the deadtime constant is to measure it by the function of count rate vs. beam current. The normal deadtime correction is given by the expression below:
Where : i is the raw measured counts in cps
is the deadtime constant in seconds
I is the deadtime corrected counts in cps
An optional high precision expression is also available for very high count rates (> 50K cps) and is shown here :
Note that Probe for EPMA supports the use of a hardware "enforced" deadtime for rigorous correction of the deadtime effect if available on the microprobe (e.g. Cameca SX-50/51/100). In this situation, an arbitrary deadtime constant, that is larger than the largest deadtime measured on the spectrometer, is utilized by the amplifier electronics to gate off any pulses that are received by the amplifier after the initial pulse, within the value specified. This has the net result of masking the "intrinsic" deadtime of the system, which has been noted by several observers to be quite dependent upon the energy of the pulses received from the detector. Hence, the "enforced" deadtime value is used in software to correct the intensities without regard to any dependence upon pulse energy.
To facilitate the measurement of the intrinsic deadtime of your PHA amplifiers, an easy to use but rigorous Excel spreadsheet created by Paul Carpenter is available from Probe Software.