Measurement Parameters
This topic contains the following information:
S-Parameters (pre-selected ratios)
Ratioed (choose your own ratio)
Unratioed Power (absolute power)
Learn about Balanced Measurements
See other 'Setup Measurements' topics
S-parameters (scattering parameters) are used to describe the way a device modifies a signal. For a 2-port device, there are four S-Parameters. The syntax for each parameter is described by the following:
S out - in
out = |
analyzer port number where the device signal output is measured (receiver) |
in = |
analyzer port number where the signal is applied (incident) to the device (source) |
Move the mouse over each S-parameter to see the signal flow:
For two-port devices:
When the source goes into port 1, the measurement is said to be in the forward direction.
When the source goes into port 2, the measurement is said to be in the reverse direction.
The analyzer automatically switches the source and receiver to make a forward or reverse measurement. Therefore, the analyzer can measure all four S-parameters for a two-port device with a single connection.
See the block diagram (including receivers) of your PNA.
Common Measurements with S-Parameters
Reflection
Measurements |
Transmission
Measurements |
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All analyzer models have test port receivers and reference receivers.
For 4-port models...
R1, R2, R3, and R4 are reference receivers. They measure the signal as it leaves the analyzer source.
R1 measures the signal out of Port 1
...
R4 measures the signal out of Port 4
A, B, C, and D are test port receivers. They measure the signal out (or reflecting off ) of the DUT.
A measures the signal into PNA Port 1
B measures the signal into PNA Port 2
C measures the signal into PNA Port 3
D measures the signal into PNA Port 4
Models with more than 4 port must specify receivers using Logical Receiver Notation. Learn more.
Ratioed Measurements
Ratioed measurements allow you to choose your own ratio of any two receivers that are available in your analyzer. S-parameters are actually predefined ratio measurements. For example S11 is A/R1.
The following are common uses of ratioed measurements:
Comparing the phase between two paths of a device. An example could be something simple like a power splitter or more complicated like a dual-channel receiver.
Measurements that require a higher dynamic range than the analyzer provides with S-parameters.
Unratioed (Absolute Power) Measurements
The unratioed power parameter measures the absolute power going into any of the receivers that are available on your analyzer.
The reference receivers are internally configured to measure the source power for a specific analyzer port.
Measuring phase using a single receiver yields meaningless data. Phase measurements must be a comparison of two signals.
Averaging for Unratioed parameters is computed differently from ratioed parameters. Learn more.
To calibrate ratioed or unratioed receiver (power) parameters, the recommended method is the Guided Power Calibration. The Unguided Response Calibration can also be used to calibrate a single unratioed or ratioed parameter at a time.
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Click a tab to create or change measurements.
TabsS-Parameter Select a predefined ratioed measurements. Learn more about S-parameters.
Balanced Select a balanced measurement type. Change Click to invoke the Balanced DUT Topology / Logical Port mappings dialog box. Learn more about Balanced Measurements.
Receivers Select receivers to make Ratioed and Unratioed (absolute power) measurements. Learn more about receiver measurements.
Ratioed Check Activate to create or change a measurement. Select a receiver for the Numerator, select another receiver for the Denominator, then select a source port for the measurement. The Source port is ALWAYS interpreted as a logical port number. For convenience, the table is populated with common choices. Unratioed Same as Ratioed, but select 1 as the Denominator.
Channel / Window Selections
These selections are NOT AVAILABLE when changing an EXISTING measurement. Learn how to change a measurement. Channel Number Select the channel for the new traces. Create in New Window
Auto-Create Windows Check to create new traces in as many windows as necessary. See number of windows limitation. About Measurement Parameters (top of page) |
Balanced DUT Topology / Logical Port mappings dialog box help |
Create or edit DUT Topology and Logical Port Mapping. A Logical Port is a term used to describe a physical analyzer test port that has been remapped to a new port number.
Note: These selections apply to ALL measurements in the channel. If the device topology is changed, any existing measurements in the channel that are incompatible with the new topology will be automatically changed to one that is compatible. Topology: Describes your DUT as you would like it tested. The following device topologies can be measured by a multiport analyzer.
These topologies can be used in the reverse (<==) direction to measure:
For example, to measure a Balanced / Single-ended topology, measure the S12 (reverse direction) of a Single-ended / Balanced topology. See Also
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