Any
Any is used as a placeholder for a type or value in various ways.
Dim identifier As Any Pointer|Ptr
or
Declare Sub|Function identifier ( ByRef identifier As Any [ , ... ] )
or
Dim identifier(Any [, Any...]) As DataType
or
[ Declare ] { Sub | Function } proc_name ( param(Any [, Any...]) As DataType )
or
Dim identifier As DataType = Any
or
New DataType ( Any )
or
New(Address) DataType [count] { Any }
or
InStr|InStrRev ( string, Any substring )
Syntax
Dim identifier As Any Pointer|Ptr
or
Declare Sub|Function identifier ( ByRef identifier As Any [ , ... ] )
or
Dim identifier(Any [, Any...]) As DataType
or
[ Declare ] { Sub | Function } proc_name ( param(Any [, Any...]) As DataType )
or
Dim identifier As DataType = Any
or
New DataType ( Any )
or
New(Address) DataType [count] { Any }
or
InStr|InStrRev ( string, Any substring )
Description
- Pointers:
A special pointer type called the Any Ptr (or "Any Pointer") allows pointing to any variable type. If you cast it to a DataType Ptr, it can be indexed or dereferenced to access the memory as an instance of DataType. Pointer arithmetic is allowed on an Any Ptr, and treats it like a Byte Ptr: The pointer is changed by increments of 1.
A pure Any Ptr has no type checking by the compiler. It can be implicitly converted to and from other pointer types through assignment or parameter passing.
Any on its own is not a valid data type for a variable. Also, it is illegal to dereference an Any Ptr (although an Any Ptr Ptr may be dereferenced to produce a Any Ptr).
This should not be confused with Variant, a Visual Basic data type which can contain any type of variable. FreeBASIC does not provide native support for a Variant type.
A pure Any Ptr has no type checking by the compiler. It can be implicitly converted to and from other pointer types through assignment or parameter passing.
Any on its own is not a valid data type for a variable. Also, it is illegal to dereference an Any Ptr (although an Any Ptr Ptr may be dereferenced to produce a Any Ptr).
This should not be confused with Variant, a Visual Basic data type which can contain any type of variable. FreeBASIC does not provide native support for a Variant type.
- Byref parameters:
Any can be used in procedure prototypes (in a Declare statement) with ByRef parameters to disable the compiler checking for the correct type of the variable passed. This use of Any is deprecated and it only exists for compatibility with QB.
- Array dimensions:
In array declarations, Any can be specified in place of the array bounds in order to create a dynamic array with a certain amount of dimensions that is determined based on the number of Anys specified (use the syntax with Any is mandatory when declaring a dynamic array member inside a Type).
In parameter declarations, Any can be also specified instead of empty parenthesis in order to fix the amount of dimensions.
In parameter declarations, Any can be also specified instead of empty parenthesis in order to fix the amount of dimensions.
- Initialization:
Any can be used as a fake initializer to disable the default initialization of variables to 0, leaving the variable uninitialized. This may save time in critical sections of a program. It is the program's responsibility to fill the variables with meaningful data before reading it.
Comparison to C/C++: This matches the behavior of a variable declaration without initialization value in C/C++.
Similar to Any initializers for variables, Any can also be used with the New or Placement New operators in order to leave the newly created object uninitialized (only allowed with data types that do not have constructors).
Comparison to C/C++: This matches the behavior of a variable declaration without initialization value in C/C++.
Similar to Any initializers for variables, Any can also be used with the New or Placement New operators in order to leave the newly created object uninitialized (only allowed with data types that do not have constructors).
- Instr/InstrRev:
Example
Declare Sub echo(ByVal x As Any Ptr) '' echo will accept any pointer type
Dim As Integer a(0 To 9) = Any '' this variable is not initialized
Dim As Double d(0 To 4)
Dim p As Any Ptr
Dim pa As Integer Ptr = @a(0)
Print "Not initialized ";
echo pa '' pass to echo a pointer to integer
Dim pd As Double Ptr = @d(0)
Print "Initialized ";
echo pd '' pass to echo a pointer to double
p = pa '' assign to p a pointer to integer
p = pd '' assign to p a pointer to double
Sleep
Sub echo (ByVal x As Any Ptr)
Dim As Integer i
For i = 0 To 39
'echo interprets the data in the pointer as bytes
Print Cast(UByte Ptr, x)[i] & " ";
Next
Print
End Sub
Dim As Integer a(0 To 9) = Any '' this variable is not initialized
Dim As Double d(0 To 4)
Dim p As Any Ptr
Dim pa As Integer Ptr = @a(0)
Print "Not initialized ";
echo pa '' pass to echo a pointer to integer
Dim pd As Double Ptr = @d(0)
Print "Initialized ";
echo pd '' pass to echo a pointer to double
p = pa '' assign to p a pointer to integer
p = pd '' assign to p a pointer to double
Sleep
Sub echo (ByVal x As Any Ptr)
Dim As Integer i
For i = 0 To 39
'echo interprets the data in the pointer as bytes
Print Cast(UByte Ptr, x)[i] & " ";
Next
End Sub
'Example of ANY disabling the variable type checking
Declare Sub echo (ByRef a As Any) '' ANY disables the checking for the type of data passed to the function
Dim x As Single
x = -15
echo x '' Passing a single to a function that expects an integer. The compiler does not complain!!
Sleep
Sub echo (ByRef a As Integer)
Print Hex(a)
End Sub
Declare Sub echo (ByRef a As Any) '' ANY disables the checking for the type of data passed to the function
Dim x As Single
x = -15
echo x '' Passing a single to a function that expects an integer. The compiler does not complain!!
Sleep
Sub echo (ByRef a As Integer)
Print Hex(a)
End Sub
Dim a(Any) As Integer ' 1-dimensional dynamic array
Dim b(Any, Any) As Integer ' 2-dimensional dynamic array
Dim c(Any, Any, Any) As Integer ' 3-dimensional dynamic array
' etc.
' Further Redims or array accesses must have a matching amount of dimensions
ReDim a(0 To 1) As Integer
ReDim b(1 To 10, 2 To 5) As Integer
ReDim c(0 To 9, 0 To 5, 0 To 1) As Integer
Dim b(Any, Any) As Integer ' 2-dimensional dynamic array
Dim c(Any, Any, Any) As Integer ' 3-dimensional dynamic array
' etc.
' Further Redims or array accesses must have a matching amount of dimensions
ReDim a(0 To 1) As Integer
ReDim b(1 To 10, 2 To 5) As Integer
ReDim c(0 To 9, 0 To 5, 0 To 1) As Integer
Dialect Differences
- Not available in the -lang qb dialect.
Differences from QB
- Pointers and initializers are new to FreeBASIC.
See also