Creating FB bindings for C libraries
This page aims to document the problems and solutions commonly encountered when creating FB bindings for C libraries.
In general, FB and C/C++ are very similar. FB follows the same ABI as GCC where applicable, in order to be binary-compatible as much as possible. The language syntax is also similar to C/C++. As a result, a lot of type and procedure declarations can be translated directly 1:1 between C and FB. However, there also are constructs which cannot be translated directly, for example: typedefs declaring function types. FB has function pointer types, but not plain function types.
Function types
In general, FB and C/C++ are very similar. FB follows the same ABI as GCC where applicable, in order to be binary-compatible as much as possible. The language syntax is also similar to C/C++. As a result, a lot of type and procedure declarations can be translated directly 1:1 between C and FB. However, there also are constructs which cannot be translated directly, for example: typedefs declaring function types. FB has function pointer types, but not plain function types.
- The good news: We have tools (fbfrog and h_2_bi) which can do most of the translation automatically.
- The bad news: There always are some problems which cannot be solved automatically and thus need to be fixed manually.
| C/C++ type | Size in bytes (GCC on Linux/Windows) | Corresponding FreeBASIC type |
| char | 1 | Byte |
| short [int] | 2 | Short |
| int | 4 | Long |
| enum (underlying type int) | 4 | Long |
| long long [int] | 8 | LongInt |
| float | 4 | Single |
| double | 8 | Double |
| long double | 12 on 32bit, 16 on 64bit | CLongDouble from crt/longdouble.bi |
| _Bool/bool | 1 | Byte / Boolean (from fbc version 1.04) |
| * (pointer) | 4 on 32bit, 8 on 64bit | Ptr/Pointer |
| ssize_t, intptr_t | 4 on 32bit, 8 on 64bit | Integer |
| size_t, uintptr_t | 4 on 32bit, 8 on 64bit | UInteger |
| long [int] | 4 on 32bit systems and Win64 (!), 8 on 64bit Linux/BSD | CLong from crt/long.bi |
- Caveat: int/long is not Integer/Long. In FB, Integer corresponds to Pointer - it's 32bit on 32bit and 64bit on 64bit (on all operating systems). Long stays 32bit everywhere. In C, int stays 32bit everywhere, and long only corresponds to pointers on Linux/BSD systems, but not on Win64, where long is still 32bit. On Win64, long long is the only 64bit integer type in C. Thus, neither C's int nor C's long are compatible to FB's Integer.
- Caveat: long int is not LongInt. FB's LongInt corresponds to C's long long, not C's long.
- int can be translated to Long, as both are 32bit consistently.
- ssize_t or intptr_t can be translated to Integer because they typically have the same size as pointers.
- long cannot be translated directly, but we have crt/long.bi which provides the target-specific clong and culong type aliases.
- long double cannot be translated directly, but we have crt/longdouble.bi which provides the target-specific clongdouble type.
- enum is a special case. Typically their underlying type is int (32bit), but in FB Enum uses Integer (32bit/64bit) and it does not allow changing that. Thus enums (used as data type in declarations) cannot be translated as Enums.
For example:
has to be translated as:
Enum MyEnum {
A,
B
}
A,
B
}
Type MyEnum As Long
Enum
A
B
End Enum
Enum
A
B
End Enum
- BOOL from windows.h is just a typedef for int, and should not be confused with the C _Bool or C++ bool types.
- C/C++ is case-sensitive, with ~50 keywords
- FreeBASIC is case-insensitive, with ~400 keywords
- C code sometimes uses FB keywords as symbol identifiers, for example INT, string, open. Such symbols must be renamed.
- C code often contains identifiers which differ only in case, for example GET_VERSION and get_version. This is not allowed in FB; one of the symbols must be renamed.
- In C, a macro can have the same identifier as a function. This is not allowed in FB; one of the symbols must be renamed.
Examples
C code using FB keywords as identifiers:
C code relying on case-sensitivity:
Another classic example where this kind of conflict happens:
Conflict between procedure and macro:
Solutions
typedef Int Int;
void Open(void);
void Open(void);
Type INT_ As Long
Declare Sub open_ cdecl Alias "open"()
Declare Sub open_ cdecl Alias "open"()
C code relying on case-sensitivity:
void foo(void);
void Foo(void);
void FOO(void);
void Foo(void);
void FOO(void);
'' Wrong translation:
Extern "C"
Declare Sub foo()
Declare Sub Foo() '' error: duplicate definition
Declare Sub FOO() '' error: duplicate definition
End Extern
Extern "C"
Declare Sub foo()
Declare Sub Foo() '' error: duplicate definition
Declare Sub FOO() '' error: duplicate definition
End Extern
'' Correct translation:
Extern "C"
Declare Sub foo()
Declare Sub Foo_ Alias "Foo"()
Declare Sub FOO__ Alias "FOO"()
End Extern
Extern "C"
Declare Sub foo()
Declare Sub Foo_ Alias "Foo"()
Declare Sub FOO__ Alias "FOO"()
End Extern
Another classic example where this kind of conflict happens:
#define GET_VERSION_NUMBER 123
Int get_version_number(void);
Int get_version_number(void);
Extern "C"
#define GET_VERSION_NUMBER_ 123 '' renamed to avoid conflict
Declare Function get_version_number() As Long
End Extern
#define GET_VERSION_NUMBER_ 123 '' renamed to avoid conflict
Declare Function get_version_number() As Long
End Extern
Conflict between procedure and macro:
void f(Int);
#define f(i) f(i + 1)
#define f(i) f(i + 1)
Extern "C"
Declare Sub f(ByVal As Long)
#define f_(i) f(i + 1) '' renamed to avoid conflict
End Extern
Declare Sub f(ByVal As Long)
#define f_(i) f(i + 1) '' renamed to avoid conflict
End Extern
- Symbols should be renamed by appending _ underscores. This way we solve the conflicts and still stay close to the original API.
- Renaming a symbol should not cause further renames (for example, if foo must be renamed, but foo_ already exists, then foo should be renamed to foo__ instead)
- A list of renamed symbols should be available in the binding or in the binding's documentation such that users can identify such differences to the original API.
- Fields inside structures do not need to be renamed just because they match an FB keyword. By using the "As DataType Name" syntax they can be use FB keywords as identifiers. This only works as long as it is a simple structure (plain old data), not a class.
Type UdtWithKeywordFields
As ZString Ptr String '' Field "String" of type ZString Ptr
As Long Type '' Field "Type" of type "Long"
As Long As '' Field "As" of type "Long"
End Type
As ZString Ptr String '' Field "String" of type ZString Ptr
As Long Type '' Field "Type" of type "Long"
As Long As '' Field "As" of type "Long"
End Type
In C it's possible to have typedefs with function types. Dereferencing a function pointer type results in a function type. FB only has function pointer types, but not function types.
Since FB does not have function types, such typedefs have to be solved out, or turned into a function pointer:
// A Function typedef (Function result = void, no parameters)
typedef void F(void);
// Using it To Declare a Function called f1
F f1;
// Usually f1 would be declared like This (use of Function typedefs Is pretty rare):
void f1(void);
// A more Common use For Function typedefs Is To Declare pointers To them (Function pointers):
Extern F *pf1;
typedef void F(void);
// Using it To Declare a Function called f1
F f1;
// Usually f1 would be declared like This (use of Function typedefs Is pretty rare):
void f1(void);
// A more Common use For Function typedefs Is To Declare pointers To them (Function pointers):
Extern F *pf1;
Since FB does not have function types, such typedefs have to be solved out, or turned into a function pointer:
Extern "C"
Type F As Sub() '' Function pointer type
'' Declaring procedures is only possible with Declare in FB
Declare Sub f1()
'' But at least FB has function pointer types.
'' Since F already is the function pointer in the FB translation, there is no extra PTR here
Extern pf1 As F
End Extern
Type F As Sub() '' Function pointer type
'' Declaring procedures is only possible with Declare in FB
Declare Sub f1()
'' But at least FB has function pointer types.
'' Since F already is the function pointer in the FB translation, there is no extra PTR here
Extern pf1 As F
End Extern