| procedure | declaration |
| Syntax | A procedureDeclaration is:
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| Description | A procedure declaration creates (but does not run) a new procedure. The name of the procedure (id) is given in two places, just after procedure and just after end.
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| Example |
procedure greetings
put "Hello world"
end greetings
greetings % This outputs Hello world
procedure sayItAgain ( msg : string, n : int )
for i : 1 .. n
put msg
end for
end sayItAgain
sayItAgain ("Toot", 2 ) % Toot is output twice
procedure double ( var x : real )
x := 2 * x
end double
var y : real := 3.14
double ( y ) % This doubles the value of y
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| Details | The set of parameters declared with the procedure are called formal parameters. In the double procedure, for example, x is a formal parameter. A procedure is called (invoked) by a procedure call statement which consists of the procedure's name followed by the parenthesized list of actual parameters (if any). For example, double(y) is a call having y as an actual parameter. If there are no parameters (see the greet procedure above), the call does not have parentheses. The keyword procedure can be abbreviated to proc. Ordinarily, a procedure returns (finishes and goes back to the place where it was called) by reaching its end. However, the return statement in a procedure causes it to return immediately. Note that return can also be used in the main program to cause it to halt immediately. Only parameters declared using var may be changed in the procedure, for example, x is changed in the double procedure. The upper bounds of arrays and strings that are parameters may be declared to be an asterisk (*). This means that the bound is that of the actual parameter. See paramDeclaration for details about parameters. Procedures and functions cannot be declared inside other procedures and functions. The syntax of a procedureDeclaration presented above has been simplified by leaving out the optional import list, pre condition, init clause, post condition and exception handler. The full syntax is
procedure [ pervasive ] id
[ ( [ paramDeclaration {,paramDeclaration } ] ) ]
[ : deviceSpecification ]
[ pre trueFalseExpn ]
[ init id := expn {, id := expn } ]
[ post trueFalseExpn ]
[ exceptionHandler ]
statementsAndDeclarations
end id
A procedure must be declared before being called. To allow for mutually recursive procedures, there are forward declarations of procedures with later declaration of each procedure body. See forward and body declarations for explanations.
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| See also | import list, pre condition, init clause, post condition and exceptionHandler for explanations of these features. See pervasive for information on pervasive procedures. See exceptionHandler. The optional deviceSpecification is used only in procedures declared in monitors and is used to create an interrupt handling procedure. See monitor for details.
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