MySQL 5.0 Reference Manual

MySQL 5.0

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MySQL 5.0 Reference Manual

Copyright 1997-2006 MySQL AB

This documentation is NOT distributed under a GPL license. Use of this documentation is subject to the following terms: You may create a printed copy of this documentation solely for your own personal use. Conversion to other formats is allowed as long as the actual content is not altered or edited in any way. You shall not publish or distribute this documentation in any form or on any media, except if you distribute the documentation in a manner similar to how MySQL disseminates it (that is, electronically for download on a website with the software) or on a CD-ROM or similar medium, provided however that the documentation is disseminated together with the software on the same medium. Any other use, such as any dissemination of printed copies or use of this documentation, in whole or in part, in another publication, requires the prior written consent from an authorized representative of MySQL AB. MySQL AB reserves any and all rights to this documentation not expressly granted above.

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Abstract

This is the MySQL Reference Manual. It documents MySQL 5.0 through 5.0.25.

Document generated on: 2006-08-11

Table of Contents

Preface
1. General Information
1.1. About This Manual
1.2. Conventions Used in This Manual
1.3. Overview of MySQL AB
1.4. Overview of the MySQL Database Management System
1.4.1. History of MySQL
1.4.2. The Main Features of MySQL
1.4.3. MySQL Stability
1.4.4. How Large MySQL Tables Can Be
1.4.5. Year 2000 Compliance
1.5. Overview of the MaxDB Database Management System
1.5.1. What is MaxDB?
1.5.2. History of MaxDB
1.5.3. Features of MaxDB
1.5.4. Licensing and Support
1.5.5. Feature Differences Between MaxDB and MySQL
1.5.6. Interoperability Features Between MaxDB and MySQL
1.5.7. MaxDB-Related Links
1.6. MySQL Development Roadmap
1.6.1. What's New in MySQL 5.0
1.7. MySQL Information Sources
1.7.1. MySQL Mailing Lists
1.7.2. MySQL Community Support at the MySQL Forums
1.7.3. MySQL Community Support on Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
1.8. How to Report Bugs or Problems
1.9. MySQL Standards Compliance
1.9.1. What Standards MySQL Follows
1.9.2. Selecting SQL Modes
1.9.3. Running MySQL in ANSI Mode
1.9.4. MySQL Extensions to Standard SQL
1.9.5. MySQL Differences from Standard SQL
1.9.6. How MySQL Deals with Constraints
2. Installing and Upgrading MySQL
2.1. General Installation Issues
2.1.1. Operating Systems Supported by MySQL
2.1.2. Choosing Which MySQL Distribution to Install
2.1.3. How to Get MySQL
2.1.4. Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or
2.1.5. Installation Layouts
2.2. Standard MySQL Installation Using a Binary Distribution
2.3. Installing MySQL on Windows
2.3.1. Choosing An Installation Package
2.3.2. Installing MySQL with the Automated Installer
2.3.3. Using the MySQL Installation Wizard
2.3.4. Using the Configuration Wizard
2.3.5. Installing MySQL from a Noinstall Zip Archive
2.3.6. Extracting the Install Archive
2.3.7. Creating an Option File
2.3.8. Selecting a MySQL Server type
2.3.9. Starting the Server for the First Time
2.3.10. Starting MySQL from the Windows Command Line
2.3.11. Starting MySQL as a Windows Service
2.3.12. Testing The MySQL Installation
2.3.13. Troubleshooting a MySQL Installation Under Windows
2.3.14. Upgrading MySQL on Windows
2.3.15. MySQL on Windows Compared to MySQL on Unix
2.4. Installing MySQL on Linux
2.5. Installing MySQL on Mac OS X
2.6. Installing MySQL on Solaris
2.7. Installing MySQL on NetWare
2.8. Installing MySQL on Other Unix-Like Systems
2.9. MySQL Installation Using a Source Distribution
2.9.1. Source Installation Overview
2.9.2. Typical configure Options
2.9.3. Installing from the Development Source Tree
2.9.4. Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL
2.9.5. MIT-pthreads Notes
2.9.6. Installing MySQL from Source on Windows
2.9.7. Compiling MySQL Clients on Windows
2.10. Post-Installation Setup and Testing
2.10.1. Windows Post-Installation Procedures
2.10.2. Unix Post-Installation Procedures
2.10.3. Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts
2.11. Upgrading MySQL
2.11.1. Upgrading from MySQL 5.0 to 5.1
2.11.2. Upgrading from MySQL 4.1 to 5.0
2.11.3. Copying MySQL Databases to Another Machine
2.12. Downgrading MySQL
2.12.1. Downgrading to MySQL 4.1
2.13. Operating System-Specific Notes
2.13.1. Linux Notes
2.13.2. Mac OS X Notes
2.13.3. Solaris Notes
2.13.4. BSD Notes
2.13.5. Other Unix Notes
2.13.6. OS/2 Notes
2.14. Perl Installation Notes
2.14.1. Installing Perl on Unix
2.14.2. Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows
2.14.3. Problems Using the Perl / Interface
3. Tutorial
3.1. Connecting to and Disconnecting from the Server
3.2. Entering Queries
3.3. Creating and Using a Database
3.3.1. Creating and Selecting a Database
3.3.2. Creating a Table
3.3.3. Loading Data into a Table
3.3.4. Retrieving Information from a Table
3.4. Getting Information About Databases and Tables
3.5. Using mysql in Batch Mode
3.6. Examples of Common Queries
3.6.1. The Maximum Value for a Column
3.6.2. The Row Holding the Maximum of a Certain Column
3.6.3. Maximum of Column per Group
3.6.4. The Rows Holding the Group-wise Maximum of a Certain Field
3.6.5. Using User-Defined Variables
3.6.6. Using Foreign Keys
3.6.7. Searching on Two Keys
3.6.8. Calculating Visits Per Day
3.6.9. Using
3.7. Queries from the Twin Project
3.7.1. Find All Non-distributed Twins
3.7.2. Show a Table of Twin Pair Status
3.8. Using MySQL with Apache
4. Using MySQL Programs
4.1. Overview of MySQL Programs
4.2. Invoking MySQL Programs
4.3. Specifying Program Options
4.3.1. Using Options on the Command Line
4.3.2. Using Option Files
4.3.3. Using Environment Variables to Specify Options
4.3.4. Using Options to Set Program Variables
5. Database Administration
5.1. Overview of Server-Side Programs
5.2. mysqld — The MySQL Server
5.2.1. mysqld Command Options
5.2.2. Server System Variables
5.2.3. Using System Variables
5.2.4. Server Status Variables
5.2.5. The Server SQL Mode
5.2.6. The MySQL Server Shutdown Process
5.2.7. MySQL Server-Side Help Support
5.3. The mysqld-max Extended MySQL Server
5.4. MySQL Server Startup Programs
5.4.1. mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script
5.4.2. mysql.server — MySQL Server Startup Script
5.4.3. mysqld_multi — Manage Multiple MySQL Servers
5.5. mysqlmanager — The MySQL Instance Manager
5.5.1. Starting the MySQL Server with MySQL Instance Manager
5.5.2. Connecting to the MySQL Instance Manager and Creating User Accounts
5.5.3. MySQL Instance Manager Command Options
5.5.4. MySQL Instance Manager Configuration Files
5.5.5. Commands Recognized by the MySQL Instance Manager
5.6. Installation-Related Programs
5.6.1. mysql_fix_privilege_tables — Upgrade MySQL System Tables
5.6.2. mysql_upgrade — Check Tables for MySQL Upgrade
5.7. General Security Issues
5.7.1. General Security Guidelines
5.7.2. Making MySQL Secure Against Attackers
5.7.3. Security-Related mysqld Options
5.7.4. Security Issues with
5.7.5. How to Run MySQL as a Normal User
5.8. The MySQL Access Privilege System
5.8.1. What the Privilege System Does
5.8.2. How the Privilege System Works
5.8.3. Privileges Provided by MySQL
5.8.4. Connecting to the MySQL Server
5.8.5. Access Control, Stage 1: Connection Verification
5.8.6. Access Control, Stage 2: Request Verification
5.8.7. When Privilege Changes Take Effect
5.8.8. Causes of Errors
5.8.9. Password Hashing as of MySQL 4.1
5.9. MySQL User Account Management
5.9.1. MySQL Usernames and Passwords
5.9.2. Adding New User Accounts to MySQL
5.9.3. Removing User Accounts from MySQL
5.9.4. Limiting Account Resources
5.9.5. Assigning Account Passwords
5.9.6. Keeping Your Password Secure
5.9.7. Using Secure Connections
5.10. Backup and Recovery
5.10.1. Database Backups
5.10.2. Example Backup and Recovery Strategy
5.10.3. Point-in-Time Recovery
5.10.4. Table Maintenance and Crash Recovery
5.11. MySQL Localization and International Usage
5.11.1. The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting
5.11.2. Setting the Error Message Language
5.11.3. Adding a New Character Set
5.11.4. The Character Definition Arrays
5.11.5. String Collating Support
5.11.6. Multi-Byte Character Support
5.11.7. Problems With Character Sets
5.11.8. MySQL Server Time Zone Support
5.12. MySQL Server Logs
5.12.1. The Error Log
5.12.2. The General Query Log
5.12.3. The Binary Log
5.12.4. The Slow Query Log
5.12.5. Server Log Maintenance
5.13. Running Multiple MySQL Servers on the Same Machine
5.13.1. Running Multiple Servers on Windows
5.13.2. Running Multiple Servers on Unix
5.13.3. Using Client Programs in a Multiple-Server Environment
5.14. The MySQL Query Cache
5.14.1. How the Query Cache Operates
5.14.2. Query Cache Options
5.14.3. Query Cache Configuration
5.14.4. Query Cache Status and Maintenance
6. Replication
6.1. Introduction to Replication
6.2. Replication Implementation Overview
6.3. Replication Implementation Details
6.3.1. Replication Master Thread States
6.3.2. Replication Slave I/O Thread States
6.3.3. Replication Slave SQL Thread States
6.3.4. Replication Relay and Status Files
6.4. How to Set Up Replication
6.5. Replication Compatibility Between MySQL Versions
6.6. Upgrading a Replication Setup
6.6.1. Upgrading Replication to 5.0
6.7. Replication Features and Known Problems
6.8. Replication Startup Options
6.9. How Servers Evaluate Replication Rules
6.10. Replication FAQ
6.11. Troubleshooting Replication
6.12. How to Report Replication Bugs or Problems
6.13. Auto-Increment in Multiple-Master Replication
7. Optimization
7.1. Optimization Overview
7.1.1. MySQL Design Limitations and Tradeoffs
7.1.2. Designing Applications for Portability
7.1.3. What We Have Used MySQL For
7.1.4. The MySQL Benchmark Suite
7.1.5. Using Your Own Benchmarks
7.2. Optimizing and Other Statements
7.2.1. Optimizing Queries with
7.2.2. Estimating Query Performance
7.2.3. Speed of Queries
7.2.4. Clause Optimization
7.2.5. Range Optimization
7.2.6. Index Merge Optimization
7.2.7. Optimization
7.2.8. Optimization
7.2.9. and Optimization
7.2.10. Nested Join Optimization
7.2.11. Outer Join Simplification
7.2.12. Optimization
7.2.13. Optimization
7.2.14. Optimization
7.2.15. How to Avoid Table Scans
7.2.16. Speed of Statements
7.2.17. Speed of Statements
7.2.18. Speed of Statements
7.2.19. Other Optimization Tips
7.3. Locking Issues
7.3.1. Locking Methods
7.3.2. Table Locking Issues
7.3.3. Concurrent Inserts
7.4. Optimizing Database Structure
7.4.1. Design Choices
7.4.2. Make Your Data as Small as Possible
7.4.3. Column Indexes
7.4.4. Multiple-Column Indexes
7.4.5. How MySQL Uses Indexes
7.4.6. The Key Cache
7.4.7. Index Statistics Collection
7.4.8. How MySQL Opens and Closes Tables
7.4.9. Drawbacks to Creating Many Tables in the Same Database
7.5. Optimizing the MySQL Server
7.5.1. System Factors and Startup Parameter Tuning
7.5.2. Tuning Server Parameters
7.5.3. Controlling Query Optimizer Performance
7.5.4. How Compiling and Linking Affects the Speed of MySQL
7.5.5. How MySQL Uses Memory
7.5.6. How MySQL Uses DNS
7.6. Disk Issues
7.6.1. Using Symbolic Links
8. Client and Utility Programs
8.1. Overview of Client and Utility Programs
8.2. myisam_ftdump — Display Full-Text Index information
8.3. myisamchk — MyISAM Table-Maintenance Utility
8.3.1. myisamchk General Options
8.3.2. myisamchk Check Options
8.3.3. myisamchk Repair Options
8.3.4. Other Options
8.3.5. myisamchk Memory Usage
8.4. myisamlog — Display MyISAM Log File Contents
8.5. myisampack — Generate Compressed, Read-Only MyISAM Tables
8.6. mysql — The MySQL Command-Line Tool
8.6.1. mysql Options
8.6.2. mysql Commands
8.6.3. mysql Server-Side Help
8.6.4. Executing SQL Statements from a Text File
8.6.5. mysql Tips
8.7. mysql_explain_log — Use EXPLAIN on Statements in Query Log
8.8. mysqlaccess — Client for Checking Access Privileges
8.9. mysqladmin — Client for Administering a MySQL Server
8.10. mysqlbinlog — Utility for Processing Binary Log Files
8.11. mysqlcheck — A Table Maintenance and Repair Program
8.12. mysqldump — A Database Backup Program
8.13. mysqlhotcopy — A Database Backup Program
8.14. mysqlimport — A Data Import Program
8.15. mysqlshow — Display Database, Table, and Column Information
8.16. mysql_zap — Kill Processes That Match a Pattern
8.17. perror — Explain Error Codes
8.18. replace — A String-Replacement Utility
9. Language Structure
9.1. Literal Values
9.1.1. Strings
9.1.2. Numbers
9.1.3. Hexadecimal Values
9.1.4. Boolean Values
9.1.5. Bit-Field Values
9.1.6. Values
9.2. Database, Table, Index, Column, and Alias Names
9.2.1. Identifier Qualifiers
9.2.2. Identifier Case Sensitivity
9.3. User-Defined Variables
9.4. Comment Syntax
9.5. Treatment of Reserved Words in MySQL
10. Character Set Support
10.1. Character Sets and Collations in General
10.2. Character Sets and Collations in MySQL
10.3. Specifying Character Sets and Collations
10.3.1. Server Character Set and Collation
10.3.2. Database Character Set and Collation
10.3.3. Table Character Set and Collation
10.3.4. Column Character Set and Collation
10.3.5. Character String Literal Character Set and Collation
10.3.6. National Character Set
10.3.7. Examples of Character Set and Collation Assignment
10.3.8. Compatibility with Other DBMSs
10.4. Connection Character Sets and Collations
10.5. Collation Issues
10.5.1. Using in SQL Statements
10.5.2. Clause Precedence
10.5.3. Operator
10.5.4. Some Special Cases Where the Collation Determination Is Tricky
10.5.5. Collations Must Be for the Right Character Set
10.5.6. An Example of the Effect of Collation
10.6. Operations Affected by Character Set Support
10.6.1. Result Strings
10.6.2. and
10.6.3. Statements and
10.7. Unicode Support
10.8. UTF-8 for Metadata
10.9. Character Sets and Collations That MySQL Supports
10.9.1. Unicode Character Sets
10.9.2. West European Character Sets
10.9.3. Central European Character Sets
10.9.4. South European and Middle East Character Sets
10.9.5. Baltic Character Sets
10.9.6. Cyrillic Character Sets
10.9.7. Asian Character Sets
10.10. FAQ: MySQL Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Character Sets
10.10.1. SELECT shows non-Latin characters as "?"s. Why?
10.10.2. Troubles with GB character sets (Chinese)
10.10.3. Troubles with big5 character set (Chinese)
10.10.4. Troubles with character-set conversions (Japanese)
10.10.5. The Great Yen Sign problem (Japanese)
10.10.6. Troubles with euckr character set (Korean)
10.10.7. The “Data truncated” message
10.10.8. Troubles with Access, Perl, PHP, etc.
10.10.9. How can I get old MySQL 4.0 behaviour back?
10.10.10. Why do some LIKE and FULLTEXT searches fail?
10.10.11. What CJK character sets are available?
10.10.12. Is character X available in all character sets?
10.10.13. Strings don't sort correctly in Unicode (I)
10.10.14. Strings don't sort correctly in Unicode (II)
10.10.15. My supplementary characters get rejected
10.10.16. Shouldn't it be CJKV (V for Vietnamese)?
10.10.17. Will MySQL fix any CJK problems in version 5.1?
10.10.18. When will MySQL translate the manual again?
10.10.19. Whom can I talk to?
11. Data Types
11.1. Data Type Overview
11.1.1. Overview of Numeric Types
11.1.2. Overview of Date and Time Types
11.1.3. Overview of String Types
11.1.4. Data Type Default Values
11.2. Numeric Types
11.3. Date and Time Types
11.3.1. The , , and Types
11.3.2. The Type
11.3.3. The Type
11.3.4. Y2K Issues and Date Types
11.4. String Types
11.4.1. The and Types
11.4.2. The and Types
11.4.3. The and Types
11.4.4. The Type
11.4.5. The Type
11.5. Data Type Storage Requirements
11.6. Choosing the Right Type for a Column
11.7. Using Data Types from Other Database Engines
12. Functions and Operators
12.1. Operators
12.1.1. Operator Precedence
12.1.2. Type Conversion in Expression Evaluation
12.1.3. Comparison Functions and Operators
12.1.4. Logical Operators
12.2. Control Flow Functions
12.3. String Functions
12.3.1. String Comparison Functions
12.4. Numeric Functions
12.4.1. Arithmetic Operators
12.4.2. Mathematical Functions
12.5. Date and Time Functions
12.6. What Calendar Is Used By MySQL?
12.7. Full-Text Search Functions
12.7.1. Boolean Full-Text Searches
12.7.2. Full-Text Searches with Query Expansion
12.7.3. Full-Text Stopwords
12.7.4. Full-Text Restrictions
12.7.5. Fine-Tuning MySQL Full-Text Search
12.8. Cast Functions and Operators
12.9. Other Functions
12.9.1. Bit Functions
12.9.2. Encryption and Compression Functions
12.9.3. Information Functions
12.9.4. Miscellaneous Functions
12.10. Functions and Modifiers for Use with Clauses
12.10.1. (Aggregate) Functions
12.10.2. Modifiers
12.10.3. and with Hidden Fields
13. SQL Statement Syntax
13.1. Data Definition Statements
13.1.1. Syntax
13.1.2. Syntax
13.1.3. Syntax
13.1.4. Syntax
13.1.5. Syntax
13.1.6. Syntax
13.1.7. Syntax
13.1.8. Syntax
13.1.9. Syntax
13.2. Data Manipulation Statements
13.2.1. Syntax
13.2.2. Syntax
13.2.3. Syntax
13.2.4. Syntax
13.2.5. Syntax
13.2.6. Syntax
13.2.7. Syntax
13.2.8. Subquery Syntax
13.2.9. Syntax
13.2.10. Syntax
13.3. MySQL Utility Statements
13.3.1. Syntax
13.3.2. Syntax
13.3.3. Syntax
13.4. MySQL Transactional and Locking Statements
13.4.1. , , and Syntax
13.4.2. Statements That Cannot Be Rolled Back
13.4.3. Statements That Cause an Implicit Commit
13.4.4. and Syntax
13.4.5. and Syntax
13.4.6. Syntax
13.4.7. XA Transactions
13.5. Database Administration Statements
13.5.1. Account Management Statements
13.5.2. Table Maintenance Statements
13.5.3. Syntax
13.5.4. Syntax
13.5.5. Other Administrative Statements
13.6. Replication Statements
13.6.1. SQL Statements for Controlling Master Servers
13.6.2. SQL Statements for Controlling Slave Servers
13.7. SQL Syntax for Prepared Statements
14. Storage Engines and Table Types
14.1. The Storage Engine
14.1.1. Startup Options
14.1.2. Space Needed for Keys
14.1.3. Table Storage Formats
14.1.4. Table Problems
14.2. The Storage Engine
14.2.1. Overview
14.2.2. Contact Information
14.2.3. Configuration
14.2.4. Startup Options and System Variables
14.2.5. Creating the Tablespace
14.2.6. Creating and Using Tables
14.2.7. Adding and Removing Data and Log Files
14.2.8. Backing Up and Recovering an Database
14.2.9. Moving an Database to Another Machine
14.2.10. Transaction Model and Locking
14.2.11. Performance Tuning Tips
14.2.12. Implementation of Multi-Versioning
14.2.13. Table and Index Structures
14.2.14. File Space Management and Disk I/O
14.2.15. Error Handling
14.2.16. Restrictions on Tables
14.2.17. Troubleshooting
14.3. The Storage Engine
14.3.1. Table Problems
14.4. The () Storage Engine
14.5. The () Storage Engine
14.5.1. Operating Systems Supported by
14.5.2. Installing
14.5.3. Startup Options
14.5.4. Characteristics of Tables
14.5.5. Restrictions on Tables
14.5.6. Errors That May Occur When Using Tables
14.6. The Storage Engine
14.7. The Storage Engine
14.7.1. Description of the Storage Engine
14.7.2. How to use Tables
14.7.3. Limitations of the Storage Engine
14.8. The Storage Engine
14.9. The Storage Engine
14.10. The Storage Engine
15. MySQL Cluster
15.1. MySQL Cluster Overview
15.2. Basic MySQL Cluster Concepts
15.2.1. MySQL Cluster Nodes, Node Groups, Replicas, and Partitions
15.3. Simple Multi-Computer How-To
15.3.1. Hardware, Software, and Networking
15.3.2. Multi-Computer Installation
15.3.3. Multi-Computer Configuration
15.3.4. Initial Startup
15.3.5. Loading Sample Data and Performing Queries
15.3.6. Safe Shutdown and Restart
15.4. MySQL Cluster Configuration
15.4.1. Building MySQL Cluster from Source Code
15.4.2. Installing the Software
15.4.3. Quick Test Setup of MySQL Cluster
15.4.4. Configuration File
15.4.5. Overview of Cluster Configuration Parameters
15.4.6. Configuring Parameters for Local Checkpoints
15.5. Upgrading and Downgrading MySQL Cluster
15.5.1. Performing a Rolling Restart of the Cluster
15.5.2. Cluster Upgrade and Downgrade Compatibility
15.6. Process Management in MySQL Cluster
15.6.1. MySQL Server Process Usage for MySQL Cluster
15.6.2. ndbd, the Storage Engine Node Process
15.6.3. ndb_mgmd, the Management Server Process
15.6.4. ndb_mgm, the Management Client Process
15.6.5. Command Options for MySQL Cluster Processes
15.7. Management of MySQL Cluster
15.7.1. MySQL Cluster Startup Phases
15.7.2. Commands in the Management Client
15.7.3. Event Reports Generated in MySQL Cluster
15.7.4. Single-User Mode
15.8. On-line Backup of MySQL Cluster
15.8.1. Cluster Backup Concepts
15.8.2. Using The Management Client to Create a Backup
15.8.3. How to Restore a Cluster Backup
15.8.4. Configuration for Cluster Backup
15.8.5. Backup Troubleshooting
15.9. Using High-Speed Interconnects with MySQL Cluster
15.9.1. Configuring MySQL Cluster to use SCI Sockets
15.9.2. Understanding the Impact of Cluster Interconnects
15.10. Known Limitations of MySQL Cluster
15.11. MySQL Cluster Development Roadmap
15.11.1. MySQL Cluster Changes in MySQL 5.0
15.11.2. MySQL 5.1 Development Roadmap for MySQL Cluster
15.12. MySQL Cluster FAQ
15.13. MySQL Cluster Glossary
16. Spatial Extensions
16.1. Introduction to MySQL Spatial Support
16.2. The OpenGIS Geometry Model
16.2.1. The Geometry Class Hierarchy
16.2.2. Class
16.2.3. Class
16.2.4. Class
16.2.5. Class
16.2.6. Class
16.2.7. Class
16.2.8. Class
16.2.9. Class
16.2.10. Class
16.2.11. Class
16.2.12. Class
16.2.13. Class
16.3. Supported Spatial Data Formats
16.3.1. Well-Known Text (WKT) Format
16.3.2. Well-Known Binary (WKB) Format
16.4. Creating a Spatially Enabled MySQL Database
16.4.1. MySQL Spatial Data Types
16.4.2. Creating Spatial Values
16.4.3. Creating Spatial Columns
16.4.4. Populating Spatial Columns
16.4.5. Fetching Spatial Data
16.5. Analyzing Spatial Information
16.5.1. Geometry Format Conversion Functions
16.5.2. Functions
16.5.3. Functions That Create New Geometries from Existing Ones
16.5.4. Functions for Testing Spatial Relations Between Geometric Objects
16.5.5. Relations on Geometry Minimal Bounding Rectangles (MBRs)
16.5.6. Functions That Test Spatial Relationships Between Geometries
16.6. Optimizing Spatial Analysis
16.6.1. Creating Spatial Indexes
16.6.2. Using a Spatial Index
16.7. MySQL Conformance and Compatibility
17. Stored Procedures and Functions
17.1. Stored Routines and the Grant Tables
17.2. Stored Routine Syntax
17.2.1. and Syntax
17.2.2. and Syntax
17.2.3. and Syntax
17.2.4. Statement Syntax
17.2.5. Compound Statement Syntax
17.2.6. Statement Syntax
17.2.7. Variables in Stored Routines
17.2.8. Conditions and Handlers
17.2.9. Cursors
17.2.10. Flow Control Constructs
17.3. Stored Procedures, Functions, Triggers, and Replication: Frequently Asked Questions
17.4. Binary Logging of Stored Routines and Triggers
18. Triggers
18.1. Syntax
18.2. Syntax
18.3. Using Triggers
19. Views
19.1. Syntax
19.2. Syntax
19.3. Syntax
20. The Database
20.1. The Table
20.2. The Table
20.3. The Table
20.4. The Table
20.5. The Table
20.6. The Table
20.7. The Table
20.8. The Table
20.9. The Table
20.10. The Table
20.11. The Table
20.12. The Table
20.13. The Table
20.14. The Table
20.15. The Table
20.16. The Table
20.17. Other Tables
20.18. Extensions to Statements
21. Precision Math
21.1. Types of Numeric Values
21.2. Data Type Changes
21.3. Expression Handling
21.4. Rounding Behavior
21.5. Precision Math Examples
22. APIs and Libraries
22.1. libmysqld, the Embedded MySQL Server Library
22.2. MySQL C API
22.2.1. C API Data types
22.2.2. C API Function Overview
22.2.3. C API Function Descriptions
22.2.4. C API Prepared Statements
22.2.5. C API Prepared Statement Data types
22.2.6. C API Prepared Statement Function Overview
22.2.7. C API Prepared Statement Function Descriptions
22.2.8. C API Prepared statement problems
22.2.9. C API Handling of Multiple Statement Execution
22.2.10. C API Handling of Date and Time Values
22.2.11. C API Threaded Function Descriptions
22.2.12. C API Embedded Server Function Descriptions
22.2.13. Common Questions and Problems When Using the C API
22.2.14. Building Client Programs
22.2.15. How to Make a Threaded Client
22.3. MySQL PHP API
22.3.1. Common Problems with MySQL and PHP
22.3.2. Enabling Both and in PHP
22.4. MySQL Perl API
22.5. MySQL C++ API
22.5.1. Borland C++
22.6. MySQL Python API
22.7. MySQL Tcl API
22.8. MySQL Eiffel Wrapper
22.9. MySQL Program Development Utilities
22.9.1. msql2mysql — Convert mSQL Programs for Use with MySQL
22.9.2. mysql_config — Get Compile Options for Compiling Clients
23. Connectors
23.1. MySQL Connector/ODBC
23.1.1. Introduction to MyODBC
23.1.2. How to Install MyODBC
23.1.3. MyODBC Configuration
23.1.4. MyODBC Examples
23.1.5. MyODBC Reference
23.1.6. MyODBC Notes and Tips
23.1.7. MyODBC Support
23.2. Connector/NET
23.2.1. Connector/NET Versions
23.2.2. How to install Connector/NET
23.2.3. Connector/NET Examples
23.2.4. Connector/NET Reference
23.2.5. Connector/NET Notes and Tips
23.2.6. Connector/NET Support
23.3. MySQL Connector/J
23.3.1. Connector/J Versions
23.3.2. Installing Connector/J
23.3.3. Connector/J Examples
23.3.4. Connector/J (JDBC) Reference
23.3.5. Connector/J Notes and Tips
23.3.6. Connector/J Support
23.4. MySQL Connector/MXJ
23.4.1. Introduction to Connector/MXJ
23.4.2. Installing Connector/MXJ
23.4.3. Connector/MXJ Configuration
23.4.4. Connector/MXJ Reference
23.4.5. Connector/MXJ Notes and Tips
23.4.6. Connector/MXJ Support
23.5. Connector/PHP
24. Extending MySQL
24.1. MySQL Internals
24.1.1. MySQL Threads
24.1.2. MySQL Test Suite
24.2. Adding New Functions to MySQL
24.2.1. Features of the User-Defined Function Interface
24.2.2. Syntax
24.2.3. Syntax
24.2.4. Adding a New User-Defined Function
24.2.5. Adding a New Native Function
24.3. Adding New Procedures to MySQL
24.3.1. Procedure Analyse
24.3.2. Writing a Procedure
A. Problems and Common Errors
A.1. How to Determine What Is Causing a Problem
A.2. Common Errors When Using MySQL Programs
A.2.1.
A.2.2.
A.2.3.
A.2.4. Password Fails When Entered Interactively
A.2.5. ' is blocked
A.2.6.
A.2.7.
A.2.8.
A.2.9.
A.2.10. Communication Errors and Aborted Connections
A.2.11.
A.2.12.
A.2.13.
A.2.14.
A.2.15. ' doesn't exist
A.2.16.
A.2.17. File Not Found
A.3. Installation-Related Issues
A.3.1. Problems Linking to the MySQL Client Library
A.3.2. Problems with File Permissions
A.4. Administration-Related Issues
A.4.1. How to Reset the Root Password
A.4.2. What to Do If MySQL Keeps Crashing
A.4.3. How MySQL Handles a Full Disk
A.4.4. Where MySQL Stores Temporary Files
A.4.5. How to Protect or Change the MySQL Unix Socket File
A.4.6. Time Zone Problems
A.5. Query-Related Issues
A.5.1. Case Sensitivity in Searches
A.5.2. Problems Using Columns
A.5.3. Problems with Values
A.5.4. Problems with Column Aliases
A.5.5. Rollback Failure for Non-Transactional Tables
A.5.6. Deleting Rows from Related Tables
A.5.7. Solving Problems with No Matching Rows
A.5.8. Problems with Floating-Point Comparisons
A.6. Optimizer-Related Issues
A.7. Table Definition-Related Issues
A.7.1. Problems with
A.7.2. How to Change the Order of Columns in a Table
A.7.3. Problems
A.8. Known Issues in MySQL
A.8.1. Open Issues in MySQL
B. Error Codes and Messages
B.1. Server Error Codes and Messages
B.2. Client Error Codes and Messages
C. Credits
C.1. Developers at MySQL AB
C.2. Contributors to MySQL
C.3. Documenters and translators
C.4. Libraries used by and included with MySQL
C.5. Packages that support MySQL
C.6. Tools that were used to create MySQL
C.7. Supporters of MySQL
D. MySQL Change History
D.1. Changes in release 5.0.x (Production)
D.1.1. Changes in release 5.0.25 (Not yet released)
D.1.2. Changes in release 5.0.24 (Not yet released)
D.1.3. Changes in release 5.0.23 (Not released)
D.1.4. Changes in release 5.0.22 (24 May 2006)
D.1.5. Changes in release 5.0.21 (02 May 2006)
D.1.6. Changes in release 5.0.20a (18 April 2006)
D.1.7. Changes in release 5.0.20 (31 March 2006)
D.1.8. Changes in release 5.0.19 (04 March 2006)
D.1.9. Changes in release 5.0.18 (21 December 2005)
D.1.10. Changes in release 5.0.17 (14 December 2005)
D.1.11. Changes in release 5.0.16 (10 November 2005)
D.1.12. Changes in release 5.0.15 (19 October 2005: Production)
D.1.13. Changes in release 5.0.14 (Not released)
D.1.14. Changes in release 5.0.13 (22 September 2005: Release Candidate)
D.1.15. Changes in release 5.0.12 (02 September 2005)
D.1.16. Changes in release 5.0.11 (06 August 2005)
D.1.17. Changes in release 5.0.10 (27 July 2005)
D.1.18. Changes in release 5.0.9 (15 July 2005)
D.1.19. Changes in release 5.0.8 (Not released)
D.1.20. Changes in release 5.0.7 (10 June 2005)
D.1.21. Changes in release 5.0.6 (26 May 2005)
D.1.22. Changes in release 5.0.5 (Not released)
D.1.23. Changes in release 5.0.4 (16 April 2005)
D.1.24. Changes in release 5.0.3 (23 March 2005: Beta)
D.1.25. Changes in release 5.0.2 (01 December 2004)
D.1.26. Changes in release 5.0.1 (27 July 2004)
D.1.27. Changes in release 5.0.0 (22 December 2003: Alpha)
D.2. Changes in MySQL Cluster
D.2.1. Changes in MySQL Cluster-5.0.7 (10 June 2005)
D.2.2. Changes in MySQL Cluster-5.0.6 (26 May 2005)
D.2.3. Changes in MySQL Cluster-5.0.5 (Not released)
D.2.4. Changes in MySQL Cluster-5.0.4 (16 April 2005)
D.2.5. Changes in MySQL Cluster-5.0.3 (23 March 2005: Beta)
D.2.6. Changes in MySQL Cluster-5.0.1 (27 July 2004)
D.2.7. Changes in MySQL Cluster-4.1.13 (15 July 2005)
D.2.8. Changes in MySQL Cluster-4.1.12 (13 May 2005)
D.2.9. Changes in MySQL Cluster-4.1.11 (01 April 2005)
D.2.10. Changes in MySQL Cluster-4.1.10 (12 February 2005)
D.2.11. Changes in MySQL Cluster-4.1.9 (13 January 2005)
D.2.12. Changes in MySQL Cluster-4.1.8 (14 December 2004)
D.2.13. Changes in MySQL Cluster-4.1.7 (23 October 2004)
D.2.14. Changes in MySQL Cluster-4.1.6 (10 October 2004)
D.2.15. Changes in MySQL Cluster-4.1.5 (16 September 2004)
D.2.16. Changes in MySQL Cluster-4.1.4 (31 August 2004)
D.2.17. Changes in MySQL Cluster-4.1.3 (28 June 2004)
D.3. MySQL Connector/ODBC (MyODBC) Change History
D.3.1. Changes in MyODBC 3.51.13
D.3.2. Changes in MyODBC 3.51.12
D.3.3. Changes in MyODBC 3.51.11
D.4. MySQL Connector/NET Change History
D.4.1. Version 1.0.8
D.4.2. Version 1.0.7
D.4.3. Version 1.0.6
D.4.4. Version 1.0.5
D.4.5. Version 1.0.4 1-20-05
D.4.6. Version 1.0.3-gamma 12-10-04
D.4.7. Version 1.0.2-gamma 04-11-15
D.4.8. Version 1.0.1-beta2 04-10-27
D.4.9. Version 1.0.0 04-09-01
D.4.10. Version 0.9.0 04-08-30
D.4.11. Version 0.76
D.4.12. Version 0.75
D.4.13. Version 0.74
D.4.14. Version 0.71
D.4.15. Version 0.70
D.4.16. Version 0.68
D.4.17. Version 0.65
D.4.18. Version 0.60
D.4.19. Version 0.50
D.5. MySQL Connector/J Change History
D.5.1. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 5.0.2-beta (11 July 2006)
D.5.2. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 5.0.1-beta (Not Released)
D.5.3. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 5.0.0-beta (22 December 2005)
D.5.4. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.1.14 (not yet released)
D.5.5. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.1.13 (26 May 2006)
D.5.6. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.1.12 (30 November 2005)
D.5.7. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.1.11-stable (07 October 2005)
D.5.8. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.1.10-stable (23 June 2005)
D.5.9. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.1.9-stable (22 June 2005)
D.5.10. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.1.8-stable (14 April 2005)
D.5.11. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.1.7-stable (18 February 2005)
D.5.12. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.1.6-stable (23 December 2004)
D.5.13. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.1.5-gamma (02 December 2004)
D.5.14. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.1.4-beta (04 September 2004)
D.5.15. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.1.3-beta (07 July 2004)
D.5.16. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.1.2-alpha (09 June 2004)
D.5.17. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.1.1-alpha (14 February 2004)
D.5.18. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.1.0-alpha (18 February 2003)
D.5.19. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.0.17-ga (23 June 2005)
D.5.20. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.0.16-ga (15 November 2004)
D.5.21. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.0.15-production (04 September 2004)
D.5.22. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.0.14-production (28 May 2004)
D.5.23. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.0.13-production (27 May 2004)
D.5.24. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.0.12-production (18 May 2004)
D.5.25. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.0.11-stable (19 February 2004)
D.5.26. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.0.10-stable (13 January 2004)
D.5.27. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.0.9-stable (07 October 2003)
D.5.28. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.0.8-stable (23 May 2003)
D.5.29. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.0.7-stable (08 April 2003)
D.5.30. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.0.6-stable (18 February 2003)
D.5.31. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.0.5-gamma (22 January 2003)
D.5.32. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.0.4-gamma (06 January 2003)
D.5.33. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.0.3-dev (17 December 2002)
D.5.34. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.0.2-dev (08 November 2002)
D.5.35. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.0.1-dev (21 September 2002)
D.5.36. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 3.0.0-dev (31 July 2002)
D.5.37. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 2.0.14 (16 May 2002)
D.5.38. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 2.0.13 (24 April 2002)
D.5.39. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 2.0.12 (07 April 2002)
D.5.40. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 2.0.11 (27 January 2002)
D.5.41. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 2.0.10 (24 January 2002)
D.5.42. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 2.0.9 (13 January 2002)
D.5.43. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 2.0.8 (25 November 2001)
D.5.44. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 2.0.7 (24 October 2001)
D.5.45. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 2.0.6 (16 June 2001)
D.5.46. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 2.0.5 (13 June 2001)
D.5.47. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 2.0.3 (03 December 2000)
D.5.48. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 2.0.1 (06 April 2000)
D.5.49. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 2.0.0pre5 (21 February 2000)
D.5.50. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 2.0.0pre4 (10 January 2000)
D.5.51. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 2.0.0pre (17 August 1999)
D.5.52. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 1.2b (04 July 1999)
D.5.53. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 1.2a (14 April 1999)
D.5.54. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 1.1i (24 March 1999)
D.5.55. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 1.1h (08 March 1999)
D.5.56. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 1.1g (19 February 1999)
D.5.57. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 1.1f (31 December 1998)
D.5.58. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 1.1b (03 November 1998)
D.5.59. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 1.1 (02 September 1998)
D.5.60. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 1.0 (24 August 1998)
D.5.61. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 0.9d (04 August 1998)
D.5.62. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 0.9 (28 July 1998)
D.5.63. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 0.8 (06 July 1998)
D.5.64. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 0.7 (01 July 1998)
D.5.65. Changes in MySQL Connector/J 0.6 (21 May 1998)
E. Porting to Other Systems
E.1. Debugging a MySQL Server
E.1.1. Compiling MySQL for Debugging
E.1.2. Creating Trace Files
E.1.3. Debugging mysqld under gdb
E.1.4. Using a Stack Trace
E.1.5. Using Server Logs to Find Causes of Errors in mysqld
E.1.6. Making a Test Case If You Experience Table Corruption
E.2. Debugging a MySQL Client
E.3. The DBUG Package
E.4. Comments about RTS Threads
E.5. Differences Between Thread Packages
F. Environment Variables
G. Regular Expressions
H. Limits in MySQL
H.1. Limits of Joins
I. Feature Restrictions
I.1. Restrictions on Stored Routines and Triggers
I.2. Restrictions on Server-Side Cursors
I.3. Restrictions on Subqueries
I.4. Restrictions on Views
I.5. Restrictions on XA Transactions
J. GNU General Public License
K. MySQL FLOSS License Exception

List of Tables

15.1. Steps for Cluster rolling restarts — by type

List of Examples

23.1. Obtaining a connection from the
23.2. Using java.sql.Statement to execute a query
23.3. Stored Procedures
23.4. Using
23.5. Registering output parameters
23.6. Setting input parameters
23.7. Retrieving results and output parameter values
23.8. Retrieving column values using
23.9. Retrieving column values using
23.10. Retrieving column values in
23.11. Using a connection pool with a J2EE application server
23.12. Example of transaction with retry logic
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