Conditional Code

Sometimes a block of code should only be run under certain conditions. Flow control — via if and else blocks — lets you run code if certain conditions have been met.

                
                                // Flow control
                              
                              var foo = true;
                            
                              var bar = false;
                            
                              if ( bar ) {
                            
                                // this code will never run
                            
                                console.log("hello!");
                            
                              }
                            
                              if ( bar ) {
                            
                                // this code won't run
                            
                              } else {
                            
                                if ( foo ) {
                            
                                  // this code will run
                            
                                } else {
                            
                                  // this code would run if foo and bar were both false
                            
                                }
                            
                              }

While curly braces aren't strictly required around single-line if statements, using them consistently, even when they aren't strictly required, makes for vastly more readable code.

Be mindful not to define functions with the same name multiple times within separate if/else blocks, as doing so may not have the expected result.

Truthy and Falsy Things

In order to use flow control successfully, it's important to understand which kinds of values are "truthy" and which kinds of values are "falsy." Sometimes, values that seem like they should evaluate one way actually evaluate another.

                
                                // Values that evaluate to true
                              
                              "0";
                            
                              "any string";
                            
                              [];  // an empty array
                            
                              {};  // an empty object
                            
                              1;   // any non-zero number

                
                                // Values that evaluate to false
                              
                              "";  // an empty string
                            
                              NaN; // JavaScript's "not-a-number" variable
                            
                              null;
                            
                              undefined;  // be careful -- undefined can be redefined!

Conditional Variable Assignment with the Ternary Operator

Sometimes a variable should be set depending on some condition. An if/else statement works, but in many cases the ternary operator is more convenient. The ternary operator tests a condition; if the condition is true, it returns a certain value, otherwise it returns a different value.

The ternary operator:

                
                                // set foo to 1 if bar is true;
                              
                                // otherwise, set foo to 0
                              
                              var foo = bar ? 1 : 0;

While the ternary operator can be used without assigning the return value to a variable, this is generally discouraged.

Switch Statements

Rather than using a series of if/else blocks, sometimes it can be useful to use a switch statement instead. Switch statements look at the value of a variable or expression, and run different blocks of code depending on the value.

                
                                // A switch statement
                              
                              switch ( foo ) {
                            
                                case "bar":
                            
                                  alert("the value was bar -- yay!");
                            
                                break;
                            
                                case "baz":
                            
                                  alert("boo baz :(");
                            
                                break;
                            
                                default:
                            
                                  alert("everything else is just ok");
                            
                              }

Switch statements have somewhat fallen out of favor in JavaScript, because often the same behavior can be accomplished by creating an object that has more potential for reuse or testing. For example:

                
                              var stuffToDo = {
                            
                                "bar" : function() {
                            
                                  alert("the value was bar -- yay!");
                            
                                },
                            
                                "baz" : function() {
                            
                                  alert("boo baz :(");
                            
                                },
                            
                                "default" : function() {
                            
                                  alert("everything else is just ok");
                            
                                }
                            
                              };
                            
                              if ( stuffToDo[ foo ] ) {
                            
                                  stuffToDo[ foo ]();
                            
                              } else {
                            
                                  stuffToDo["default"]();
                            
                              }

Objects are covered further in the Types and Objects sections.

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