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A. History and License

Python 2.5

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A. History and License


Subsections
  • A.1 History of the software
  • A.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
  • A.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
    • A.3.1 Mersenne Twister
    • A.3.2 Sockets
    • A.3.3 Floating point exception control
    • A.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
    • A.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
    • A.3.6 Cookie management
    • A.3.7 Profiling
    • A.3.8 Execution tracing
    • A.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
    • A.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls


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Release 2.5, documentation updated on 19th September, 2006.
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Table of contents

  • Main page
  • Global Module Index
  • What's New
    • 1 PEP 308: Conditional Expressions
    • 2 PEP 309: Partial Function Application
    • 3 PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1
    • 4 PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports
    • 5 PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts
    • 6 PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally
    • 7 PEP 342: New Generator Features
    • 8 PEP 343: The 'with' statement
      • 8.1 Writing Context Managers
      • 8.2 The contextlib module
    • 9 PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes
    • 10 PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type
    • 11 PEP 357: The '__index__' method
    • 12 Other Language Changes
      • 12.1 Interactive Interpreter Changes
      • 12.2 Optimizations
    • 13 New, Improved, and Removed Modules
      • 13.1 The ctypes package
      • 13.2 The ElementTree package
      • 13.3 The hashlib package
      • 13.4 The sqlite3 package
      • 13.5 The wsgiref package
    • 14 Build and C API Changes
      • 14.1 Port-Specific Changes
    • 15 Porting to Python 2.5
    • 16 Acknowledgements
  • Tutorial
    • 1. Whetting Your Appetite
    • 2. Using the Python Interpreter
      • 2.1 Invoking the Interpreter
        • 2.1.1 Argument Passing
        • 2.1.2 Interactive Mode
      • 2.2 The Interpreter and Its Environment
        • 2.2.1 Error Handling
        • 2.2.2 Executable Python Scripts
        • 2.2.3 Source Code Encoding
        • 2.2.4 The Interactive Startup File
    • 3. An Informal Introduction to Python
      • 3.1 Using Python as a Calculator
        • 3.1.1 Numbers
        • 3.1.2 Strings
        • 3.1.3 Unicode Strings
        • 3.1.4 Lists
      • 3.2 First Steps Towards Programming
    • 4. More Control Flow Tools
      • 4.1 if Statements
      • 4.2 for Statements
      • 4.3 The range() Function
      • 4.4 break and continue Statements, and else Clauses on Loops
      • 4.5 pass Statements
      • 4.6 Defining Functions
      • 4.7 More on Defining Functions
        • 4.7.1 Default Argument Values
        • 4.7.2 Keyword Arguments
        • 4.7.3 Arbitrary Argument Lists
        • 4.7.4 Unpacking Argument Lists
        • 4.7.5 Lambda Forms
        • 4.7.6 Documentation Strings
    • 5. Data Structures
      • 5.1 More on Lists
        • 5.1.1 Using Lists as Stacks
        • 5.1.2 Using Lists as Queues
        • 5.1.3 Functional Programming Tools
        • 5.1.4 List Comprehensions
      • 5.2 The del statement
      • 5.3 Tuples and Sequences
      • 5.4 Sets
      • 5.5 Dictionaries
      • 5.6 Looping Techniques
      • 5.7 More on Conditions
      • 5.8 Comparing Sequences and Other Types
    • 6. Modules
      • 6.1 More on Modules
        • 6.1.1 The Module Search Path
        • 6.1.2 ``Compiled'' Python files
      • 6.2 Standard Modules
      • 6.3 The dir() Function
      • 6.4 Packages
        • 6.4.1 Importing * From a Package
        • 6.4.2 Intra-package References
        • 6.4.3 Packages in Multiple Directories
    • 7. Input and Output
      • 7.1 Fancier Output Formatting
      • 7.2 Reading and Writing Files
        • 7.2.1 Methods of File Objects
        • 7.2.2 The pickle Module
    • 8. Errors and Exceptions
      • 8.1 Syntax Errors
      • 8.2 Exceptions
      • 8.3 Handling Exceptions
      • 8.4 Raising Exceptions
      • 8.5 User-defined Exceptions
      • 8.6 Defining Clean-up Actions
      • 8.7 Predefined Clean-up Actions
    • 9. Classes
      • 9.1 A Word About Terminology
      • 9.2 Python Scopes and Name Spaces
      • 9.3 A First Look at Classes
        • 9.3.1 Class Definition Syntax
        • 9.3.2 Class Objects
        • 9.3.3 Instance Objects
        • 9.3.4 Method Objects
      • 9.4 Random Remarks
      • 9.5 Inheritance
        • 9.5.1 Multiple Inheritance
      • 9.6 Private Variables
      • 9.7 Odds and Ends
      • 9.8 Exceptions Are Classes Too
      • 9.9 Iterators
      • 9.10 Generators
      • 9.11 Generator Expressions
    • 10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library
      • 10.1 Operating System Interface
      • 10.2 File Wildcards
      • 10.3 Command Line Arguments
      • 10.4 Error Output Redirection and Program Termination
      • 10.5 String Pattern Matching
      • 10.6 Mathematics
      • 10.7 Internet Access
      • 10.8 Dates and Times
      • 10.9 Data Compression
      • 10.10 Performance Measurement
      • 10.11 Quality Control
      • 10.12 Batteries Included
    • 11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library - Part II
      • 11.1 Output Formatting
      • 11.2 Templating
      • 11.3 Working with Binary Data Record Layouts
      • 11.4 Multi-threading
      • 11.5 Logging
      • 11.6 Weak References
      • 11.7 Tools for Working with Lists
      • 11.8 Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic
    • 12. What Now?
    • A. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution
      • A.1 Line Editing
      • A.2 History Substitution
      • A.3 Key Bindings
      • A.4 Commentary
    • B. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations
      • B.1 Representation Error
    • C. History and License
      • C.1 History of the software
      • C.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
      • C.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
        • C.3.1 Mersenne Twister
        • C.3.2 Sockets
        • C.3.3 Floating point exception control
        • C.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
        • C.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
        • C.3.6 Cookie management
        • C.3.7 Profiling
        • C.3.8 Execution tracing
        • C.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
        • C.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
    • D. Glossary
    • Index
  • Library Reference
    • 1. Introduction
    • 2. Built-in Objects
      • 2.1 Built-in Functions
      • 2.2 Non-essential Built-in Functions
      • 2.3 Built-in Exceptions
      • 2.4 Built-in Constants
    • 3. Built-in Types
      • 3.1 Truth Value Testing
      • 3.2 Boolean Operations -- and, or, not
      • 3.3 Comparisons
      • 3.4 Numeric Types -- int, float, long, complex
        • 3.4.1 Bit-string Operations on Integer Types
      • 3.5 Iterator Types
      • 3.6 Sequence Types -- str, unicode, list, tuple, buffer, xrange
        • 3.6.1 String Methods
        • 3.6.2 String Formatting Operations
        • 3.6.3 XRange Type
        • 3.6.4 Mutable Sequence Types
      • 3.7 Set Types -- set, frozenset
      • 3.8 Mapping Types -- dict
      • 3.9 File Objects
      • 3.10 Context Manager Types
      • 3.11 Other Built-in Types
        • 3.11.1 Modules
        • 3.11.2 Classes and Class Instances
        • 3.11.3 Functions
        • 3.11.4 Methods
        • 3.11.5 Code Objects
        • 3.11.6 Type Objects
        • 3.11.7 The Null Object
        • 3.11.8 The Ellipsis Object
        • 3.11.9 Boolean Values
        • 3.11.10 Internal Objects
      • 3.12 Special Attributes
    • 4. String Services
      • 4.1 string -- Common string operations
        • 4.1.1 String constants
        • 4.1.2 Template strings
        • 4.1.3 String functions
        • 4.1.4 Deprecated string functions
      • 4.2 re -- Regular expression operations
        • 4.2.1 Regular Expression Syntax
        • 4.2.2 Matching vs Searching
        • 4.2.3 Module Contents
        • 4.2.4 Regular Expression Objects
        • 4.2.5 Match Objects
        • 4.2.6 Examples
      • 4.3 struct -- Interpret strings as packed binary data
      • 4.4 difflib -- Helpers for computing deltas
        • 4.4.1 SequenceMatcher Objects
        • 4.4.2 SequenceMatcher Examples
        • 4.4.3 Differ Objects
        • 4.4.4 Differ Example
      • 4.5 StringIO -- Read and write strings as files
      • 4.6 cStringIO -- Faster version of StringIO
      • 4.7 textwrap -- Text wrapping and filling
      • 4.8 codecs -- Codec registry and base classes
        • 4.8.1 Codec Base Classes
        • 4.8.2 Encodings and Unicode
        • 4.8.3 Standard Encodings
        • 4.8.4 encodings.idna -- Internationalized Domain Names in Applications
        • 4.8.5 encodings.utf_8_sig -- UTF-8 codec with BOM signature
      • 4.9 unicodedata -- Unicode Database
      • 4.10 stringprep -- Internet String Preparation
      • 4.11 fpformat -- Floating point conversions
    • 5. Data Types
      • 5.1 datetime -- Basic date and time types
        • 5.1.1 Available Types
        • 5.1.2 timedelta Objects
        • 5.1.3 date Objects
        • 5.1.4 datetime Objects
        • 5.1.5 time Objects
        • 5.1.6 tzinfo Objects
        • 5.1.7 strftime() Behavior
        • 5.1.8 Examples
      • 5.2 calendar -- General calendar-related functions
      • 5.3 collections -- High-performance container datatypes
        • 5.3.1 deque objects
        • 5.3.2 defaultdict objects
      • 5.4 heapq -- Heap queue algorithm
        • 5.4.1 Theory
      • 5.5 bisect -- Array bisection algorithm
        • 5.5.1 Examples
      • 5.6 array -- Efficient arrays of numeric values
      • 5.7 sets -- Unordered collections of unique elements
        • 5.7.1 Set Objects
        • 5.7.2 Example
        • 5.7.3 Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable
        • 5.7.4 Comparison to the built-in set types
      • 5.8 sched -- Event scheduler
        • 5.8.1 Scheduler Objects
      • 5.9 mutex -- Mutual exclusion support
        • 5.9.1 Mutex Objects
      • 5.10 Queue -- A synchronized queue class
        • 5.10.1 Queue Objects
      • 5.11 weakref -- Weak references
        • 5.11.1 Weak Reference Objects
        • 5.11.2 Example
      • 5.12 UserDict -- Class wrapper for dictionary objects
      • 5.13 UserList -- Class wrapper for list objects
      • 5.14 UserString -- Class wrapper for string objects
      • 5.15 types -- Names for built-in types
      • 5.16 new -- Creation of runtime internal objects
      • 5.17 copy -- Shallow and deep copy operations
      • 5.18 pprint -- Data pretty printer
        • 5.18.1 PrettyPrinter Objects
      • 5.19 repr -- Alternate repr() implementation
        • 5.19.1 Repr Objects
        • 5.19.2 Subclassing Repr Objects
    • 6. Numeric and Mathematical Modules
      • 6.1 math -- Mathematical functions
      • 6.2 cmath -- Mathematical functions for complex numbers
      • 6.3 decimal -- Decimal floating point arithmetic
        • 6.3.1 Quick-start Tutorial
        • 6.3.2 Decimal objects
        • 6.3.3 Context objects
        • 6.3.4 Signals
        • 6.3.5 Floating Point Notes
        • 6.3.6 Working with threads
        • 6.3.7 Recipes
        • 6.3.8 Decimal FAQ
      • 6.4 random -- Generate pseudo-random numbers
      • 6.5 itertools -- Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
        • 6.5.1 Itertool functions
        • 6.5.2 Examples
        • 6.5.3 Recipes
      • 6.6 functools -- Higher order functions and operations on callable objects.
        • 6.6.1 partial Objects
      • 6.7 operator -- Standard operators as functions.
        • 6.7.1 Mapping Operators to Functions
    • 7. Internet Data Handling
      • 7.1 email -- An email and MIME handling package
        • 7.1.1 Representing an email message
        • 7.1.2 Parsing email messages
        • 7.1.3 Generating MIME documents
        • 7.1.4 Creating email and MIME objects from scratch
        • 7.1.5 Internationalized headers
        • 7.1.6 Representing character sets
        • 7.1.7 Encoders
        • 7.1.8 Exception and Defect classes
        • 7.1.9 Miscellaneous utilities
        • 7.1.10 Iterators
        • 7.1.11 Package History
        • 7.1.12 Differences from mimelib
        • 7.1.13 Examples
      • 7.2 mailcap -- Mailcap file handling.
      • 7.3 mailbox -- Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
        • 7.3.1 Mailbox objects
        • 7.3.2 Message objects
        • 7.3.3 Exceptions
        • 7.3.4 Deprecated classes and methods
        • 7.3.5 Examples
      • 7.4 mhlib -- Access to MH mailboxes
        • 7.4.1 MH Objects
        • 7.4.2 Folder Objects
        • 7.4.3 Message Objects
      • 7.5 mimetools -- Tools for parsing MIME messages
        • 7.5.1 Additional Methods of Message Objects
      • 7.6 mimetypes -- Map filenames to MIME types
        • 7.6.1 MimeTypes Objects
      • 7.7 MimeWriter -- Generic MIME file writer
        • 7.7.1 MimeWriter Objects
      • 7.8 mimify -- MIME processing of mail messages
      • 7.9 multifile -- Support for files containing distinct parts
        • 7.9.1 MultiFile Objects
        • 7.9.2 MultiFile Example
      • 7.10 rfc822 -- Parse RFC 2822 mail headers
        • 7.10.1 Message Objects
        • 7.10.2 AddressList Objects
      • 7.11 base64 -- RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings
      • 7.12 binhex -- Encode and decode binhex4 files
        • 7.12.1 Notes
      • 7.13 binascii -- Convert between binary and ASCII
      • 7.14 quopri -- Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
      • 7.15 uu -- Encode and decode uuencode files
    • 8. Structured Markup Processing Tools
      • 8.1 HTMLParser -- Simple HTML and XHTML parser
        • 8.1.1 Example HTML Parser Application
      • 8.2 sgmllib -- Simple SGML parser
      • 8.3 htmllib -- A parser for HTML documents
        • 8.3.1 HTMLParser Objects
      • 8.4 htmlentitydefs -- Definitions of HTML general entities
      • 8.5 xml.parsers.expat -- Fast XML parsing using Expat
        • 8.5.1 XMLParser Objects
        • 8.5.2 ExpatError Exceptions
        • 8.5.3 Example
        • 8.5.4 Content Model Descriptions
        • 8.5.5 Expat error constants
      • 8.6 xml.dom -- The Document Object Model API
        • 8.6.1 Module Contents
        • 8.6.2 Objects in the DOM
        • 8.6.3 Conformance
      • 8.7 xml.dom.minidom -- Lightweight DOM implementation
        • 8.7.1 DOM Objects
        • 8.7.2 DOM Example
        • 8.7.3 minidom and the DOM standard
      • 8.8 xml.dom.pulldom -- Support for building partial DOM trees
        • 8.8.1 DOMEventStream Objects
      • 8.9 xml.sax -- Support for SAX2 parsers
        • 8.9.1 SAXException Objects
      • 8.10 xml.sax.handler -- Base classes for SAX handlers
        • 8.10.1 ContentHandler Objects
        • 8.10.2 DTDHandler Objects
        • 8.10.3 EntityResolver Objects
        • 8.10.4 ErrorHandler Objects
      • 8.11 xml.sax.saxutils -- SAX Utilities
      • 8.12 xml.sax.xmlreader -- Interface for XML parsers
        • 8.12.1 XMLReader Objects
        • 8.12.2 IncrementalParser Objects
        • 8.12.3 Locator Objects
        • 8.12.4 InputSource Objects
        • 8.12.5 The Attributes Interface
        • 8.12.6 The AttributesNS Interface
      • 8.13 xml.etree.ElementTree -- The ElementTree XML API
        • 8.13.1 Functions
        • 8.13.2 ElementTree Objects
        • 8.13.3 QName Objects
        • 8.13.4 TreeBuilder Objects
        • 8.13.5 XMLTreeBuilder Objects
    • 9. File Formats
      • 9.1 csv -- CSV File Reading and Writing
        • 9.1.1 Module Contents
        • 9.1.2 Dialects and Formatting Parameters
        • 9.1.3 Reader Objects
        • 9.1.4 Writer Objects
        • 9.1.5 Examples
      • 9.2 ConfigParser -- Configuration file parser
        • 9.2.1 RawConfigParser Objects
        • 9.2.2 ConfigParser Objects
        • 9.2.3 SafeConfigParser Objects
      • 9.3 robotparser -- Parser for robots.txt
      • 9.4 netrc -- netrc file processing
        • 9.4.1 netrc Objects
      • 9.5 xdrlib -- Encode and decode XDR data
        • 9.5.1 Packer Objects
        • 9.5.2 Unpacker Objects
        • 9.5.3 Exceptions
    • 10. Cryptographic Services
      • 10.1 hashlib -- Secure hashes and message digests
      • 10.2 hmac -- Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
      • 10.3 md5 -- MD5 message digest algorithm
      • 10.4 sha -- SHA-1 message digest algorithm
    • 11. File and Directory Access
      • 11.1 os.path -- Common pathname manipulations
      • 11.2 fileinput -- Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
      • 11.3 stat -- Interpreting stat() results
      • 11.4 statvfs -- Constants used with os.statvfs()
      • 11.5 filecmp -- File and Directory Comparisons
        • 11.5.1 The dircmp class
      • 11.6 tempfile -- Generate temporary files and directories
      • 11.7 glob -- Unix style pathname pattern expansion
      • 11.8 fnmatch -- Unix filename pattern matching
      • 11.9 linecache -- Random access to text lines
      • 11.10 shutil -- High-level file operations
        • 11.10.1 Example
      • 11.11 dircache -- Cached directory listings
    • 12. Data Compression and Archiving
      • 12.1 zlib -- Compression compatible with gzip
      • 12.2 gzip -- Support for gzip files
      • 12.3 bz2 -- Compression compatible with bzip2
        • 12.3.1 (De)compression of files
        • 12.3.2 Sequential (de)compression
        • 12.3.3 One-shot (de)compression
      • 12.4 zipfile -- Work with ZIP archives
        • 12.4.1 ZipFile Objects
        • 12.4.2 PyZipFile Objects
        • 12.4.3 ZipInfo Objects
      • 12.5 tarfile -- Read and write tar archive files
        • 12.5.1 TarFile Objects
        • 12.5.2 TarInfo Objects
        • 12.5.3 Examples
    • 13. Data Persistence
      • 13.1 pickle -- Python object serialization
        • 13.1.1 Relationship to other Python modules
        • 13.1.2 Data stream format
        • 13.1.3 Usage
        • 13.1.4 What can be pickled and unpickled?
        • 13.1.5 The pickle protocol
        • 13.1.6 Subclassing Unpicklers
        • 13.1.7 Example
      • 13.2 cPickle -- A faster pickle
      • 13.3 copy_reg -- Register pickle support functions
      • 13.4 shelve -- Python object persistence
        • 13.4.1 Restrictions
        • 13.4.2 Example
      • 13.5 marshal -- Internal Python object serialization
      • 13.6 anydbm -- Generic access to DBM-style databases
      • 13.7 whichdb -- Guess which DBM module created a database
      • 13.8 dbm -- Simple ``database'' interface
      • 13.9 gdbm -- GNU's reinterpretation of dbm
      • 13.10 dbhash -- DBM-style interface to the BSD database library
        • 13.10.1 Database Objects
      • 13.11 bsddb -- Interface to Berkeley DB library
        • 13.11.1 Hash, BTree and Record Objects
      • 13.12 dumbdbm -- Portable DBM implementation
        • 13.12.1 Dumbdbm Objects
      • 13.13 sqlite3 -- DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases
        • 13.13.1 Module functions and constants
        • 13.13.2 Connection Objects
        • 13.13.3 Cursor Objects
        • 13.13.4 SQLite and Python types
        • 13.13.5 Controlling Transactions
        • 13.13.6 Using pysqlite efficiently
    • 14. Generic Operating System Services
      • 14.1 os -- Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
        • 14.1.1 Process Parameters
        • 14.1.2 File Object Creation
        • 14.1.3 File Descriptor Operations
        • 14.1.4 Files and Directories
        • 14.1.5 Process Management
        • 14.1.6 Miscellaneous System Information
        • 14.1.7 Miscellaneous Functions
      • 14.2 time -- Time access and conversions
      • 14.3 optparse -- More powerful command line option parser
        • 14.3.1 Background
        • 14.3.2 Tutorial
        • 14.3.3 Reference Guide
        • 14.3.4 Option Callbacks
        • 14.3.5 Extending optparse
      • 14.4 getopt -- Parser for command line options
      • 14.5 logging -- Logging facility for Python
        • 14.5.1 Logger Objects
        • 14.5.2 Basic example
        • 14.5.3 Logging to multiple destinations
        • 14.5.4 Sending and receiving logging events across a network
        • 14.5.5 Handler Objects
        • 14.5.6 Formatter Objects
        • 14.5.7 Filter Objects
        • 14.5.8 LogRecord Objects
        • 14.5.9 Thread Safety
        • 14.5.10 Configuration
      • 14.6 getpass -- Portable password input
      • 14.7 curses -- Terminal handling for character-cell displays
        • 14.7.1 Functions
        • 14.7.2 Window Objects
        • 14.7.3 Constants
      • 14.8 curses.textpad -- Text input widget for curses programs
        • 14.8.1 Textbox objects
      • 14.9 curses.wrapper -- Terminal handler for curses programs
      • 14.10 curses.ascii -- Utilities for ASCII characters
      • 14.11 curses.panel -- A panel stack extension for curses.
        • 14.11.1 Functions
        • 14.11.2 Panel Objects
      • 14.12 platform -- Access to underlying platform's identifying data.
        • 14.12.1 Cross Platform
        • 14.12.2 Java Platform
        • 14.12.3 Windows Platform
        • 14.12.4 Mac OS Platform
        • 14.12.5 Unix Platforms
      • 14.13 errno -- Standard errno system symbols
      • 14.14 ctypes -- A foreign function library for Python.
        • 14.14.1 ctypes tutorial
        • 14.14.2 ctypes reference
    • 15. Optional Operating System Services
      • 15.1 select -- Waiting for I/O completion
        • 15.1.1 Polling Objects
      • 15.2 thread -- Multiple threads of control
      • 15.3 threading -- Higher-level threading interface
        • 15.3.1 Lock Objects
        • 15.3.2 RLock Objects
        • 15.3.3 Condition Objects
        • 15.3.4 Semaphore Objects
        • 15.3.5 Event Objects
        • 15.3.6 Thread Objects
        • 15.3.7 Timer Objects
        • 15.3.8 Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the with statement
      • 15.4 dummy_thread -- Drop-in replacement for the thread module
      • 15.5 dummy_threading -- Drop-in replacement for the threading module
      • 15.6 mmap -- Memory-mapped file support
      • 15.7 readline -- GNU readline interface
        • 15.7.1 Example
      • 15.8 rlcompleter -- Completion function for GNU readline
        • 15.8.1 Completer Objects
    • 16. Unix Specific Services
      • 16.1 posix -- The most common POSIX system calls
        • 16.1.1 Large File Support
        • 16.1.2 Module Contents
      • 16.2 pwd -- The password database
      • 16.3 spwd -- The shadow password database
      • 16.4 grp -- The group database
      • 16.5 crypt -- Function to check Unix passwords
      • 16.6 dl -- Call C functions in shared objects
        • 16.6.1 Dl Objects
      • 16.7 termios -- POSIX style tty control
        • 16.7.1 Example
      • 16.8 tty -- Terminal control functions
      • 16.9 pty -- Pseudo-terminal utilities
      • 16.10 fcntl -- The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls
      • 16.11 pipes -- Interface to shell pipelines
        • 16.11.1 Template Objects
      • 16.12 posixfile -- File-like objects with locking support
      • 16.13 resource -- Resource usage information
        • 16.13.1 Resource Limits
        • 16.13.2 Resource Usage
      • 16.14 nis -- Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)
      • 16.15 syslog -- Unix syslog library routines
      • 16.16 commands -- Utilities for running commands
    • 17. Interprocess Communication and Networking
      • 17.1 subprocess -- Subprocess management
        • 17.1.1 Using the subprocess Module
        • 17.1.2 Popen Objects
        • 17.1.3 Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module
      • 17.2 socket -- Low-level networking interface
        • 17.2.1 Socket Objects
        • 17.2.2 SSL Objects
        • 17.2.3 Example
      • 17.3 signal -- Set handlers for asynchronous events
        • 17.3.1 Example
      • 17.4 popen2 -- Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
        • 17.4.1 Popen3 and Popen4 Objects
        • 17.4.2 Flow Control Issues
      • 17.5 asyncore -- Asynchronous socket handler
        • 17.5.1 asyncore Example basic HTTP client
      • 17.6 asynchat -- Asynchronous socket command/response handler
        • 17.6.1 asynchat - Auxiliary Classes and Functions
        • 17.6.2 asynchat Example
    • 18. Internet Protocols and Support
      • 18.1 webbrowser -- Convenient Web-browser controller
        • 18.1.1 Browser Controller Objects
      • 18.2 cgi -- Common Gateway Interface support.
        • 18.2.1 Introduction
        • 18.2.2 Using the cgi module
        • 18.2.3 Higher Level Interface
        • 18.2.4 Old classes
        • 18.2.5 Functions
        • 18.2.6 Caring about security
        • 18.2.7 Installing your CGI script on a Unix system
        • 18.2.8 Testing your CGI script
        • 18.2.9 Debugging CGI scripts
        • 18.2.10 Common problems and solutions
      • 18.3 cgitb -- Traceback manager for CGI scripts
      • 18.4 wsgiref -- WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
        • 18.4.1 wsgiref.util - WSGI environment utilities
        • 18.4.2 wsgiref.headers - WSGI response header tools
        • 18.4.3 wsgiref.simple_server - a simple WSGI HTTP server
        • 18.4.4 wsgiref.validate - WSGI conformance checker
        • 18.4.5 wsgiref.handlers - server/gateway base classes
      • 18.5 urllib -- Open arbitrary resources by URL
        • 18.5.1 URLopener Objects
        • 18.5.2 Examples
      • 18.6 urllib2 -- extensible library for opening URLs
        • 18.6.1 Request Objects
        • 18.6.2 OpenerDirector Objects
        • 18.6.3 BaseHandler Objects
        • 18.6.4 HTTPRedirectHandler Objects
        • 18.6.5 HTTPCookieProcessor Objects
        • 18.6.6 ProxyHandler Objects
        • 18.6.7 HTTPPasswordMgr Objects
        • 18.6.8 AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
        • 18.6.9 HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
        • 18.6.10 ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
        • 18.6.11 AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
        • 18.6.12 HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
        • 18.6.13 ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
        • 18.6.14 HTTPHandler Objects
        • 18.6.15 HTTPSHandler Objects
        • 18.6.16 FileHandler Objects
        • 18.6.17 FTPHandler Objects
        • 18.6.18 CacheFTPHandler Objects
        • 18.6.19 GopherHandler Objects
        • 18.6.20 UnknownHandler Objects
        • 18.6.21 HTTPErrorProcessor Objects
        • 18.6.22 Examples
      • 18.7 httplib -- HTTP protocol client
        • 18.7.1 HTTPConnection Objects
        • 18.7.2 HTTPResponse Objects
        • 18.7.3 Examples
      • 18.8 ftplib -- FTP protocol client
        • 18.8.1 FTP Objects
      • 18.9 gopherlib -- Gopher protocol client
      • 18.10 poplib -- POP3 protocol client
        • 18.10.1 POP3 Objects
        • 18.10.2 POP3 Example
      • 18.11 imaplib -- IMAP4 protocol client
        • 18.11.1 IMAP4 Objects
        • 18.11.2 IMAP4 Example
      • 18.12 nntplib -- NNTP protocol client
        • 18.12.1 NNTP Objects
      • 18.13 smtplib -- SMTP protocol client
        • 18.13.1 SMTP Objects
        • 18.13.2 SMTP Example
      • 18.14 smtpd -- SMTP Server
        • 18.14.1 SMTPServer Objects
        • 18.14.2 DebuggingServer Objects
        • 18.14.3 PureProxy Objects
        • 18.14.4 MailmanProxy Objects
      • 18.15 telnetlib -- Telnet client
        • 18.15.1 Telnet Objects
        • 18.15.2 Telnet Example
      • 18.16 uuid -- UUID objects according to RFC 4122
        • 18.16.1 Example
      • 18.17 urlparse -- Parse URLs into components
        • 18.17.1 Results of urlparse() and urlsplit()
      • 18.18 SocketServer -- A framework for network servers
        • 18.18.1 Server Creation Notes
        • 18.18.2 Server Objects
        • 18.18.3 RequestHandler Objects
      • 18.19 BaseHTTPServer -- Basic HTTP server
      • 18.20 SimpleHTTPServer -- Simple HTTP request handler
      • 18.21 CGIHTTPServer -- CGI-capable HTTP request handler
      • 18.22 cookielib -- Cookie handling for HTTP clients
        • 18.22.1 CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects
        • 18.22.2 FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers
        • 18.22.3 CookiePolicy Objects
        • 18.22.4 DefaultCookiePolicy Objects
        • 18.22.5 Cookie Objects
        • 18.22.6 Examples
      • 18.23 Cookie -- HTTP state management
        • 18.23.1 Cookie Objects
        • 18.23.2 Morsel Objects
        • 18.23.3 Example
      • 18.24 xmlrpclib -- XML-RPC client access
        • 18.24.1 ServerProxy Objects
        • 18.24.2 Boolean Objects
        • 18.24.3 DateTime Objects
        • 18.24.4 Binary Objects
        • 18.24.5 Fault Objects
        • 18.24.6 ProtocolError Objects
        • 18.24.7 MultiCall Objects
        • 18.24.8 Convenience Functions
        • 18.24.9 Example of Client Usage
      • 18.25 SimpleXMLRPCServer -- Basic XML-RPC server
        • 18.25.1 SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects
        • 18.25.2 CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
      • 18.26 DocXMLRPCServer -- Self-documenting XML-RPC server
        • 18.26.1 DocXMLRPCServer Objects
        • 18.26.2 DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
    • 19. Multimedia Services
      • 19.1 audioop -- Manipulate raw audio data
      • 19.2 imageop -- Manipulate raw image data
      • 19.3 aifc -- Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
      • 19.4 sunau -- Read and write Sun AU files
        • 19.4.1 AU_read Objects
        • 19.4.2 AU_write Objects
      • 19.5 wave -- Read and write WAV files
        • 19.5.1 Wave_read Objects
        • 19.5.2 Wave_write Objects
      • 19.6 chunk -- Read IFF chunked data
      • 19.7 colorsys -- Conversions between color systems
      • 19.8 rgbimg -- Read and write ``SGI RGB'' files
      • 19.9 imghdr -- Determine the type of an image
      • 19.10 sndhdr -- Determine type of sound file
      • 19.11 ossaudiodev -- Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
        • 19.11.1 Audio Device Objects
        • 19.11.2 Mixer Device Objects
    • 20. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
      • 20.1 Tkinter -- Python interface to Tcl/Tk
        • 20.1.1 Tkinter Modules
        • 20.1.2 Tkinter Life Preserver
        • 20.1.3 A (Very) Quick Look at Tcl/Tk
        • 20.1.4 Mapping Basic Tk into Tkinter
        • 20.1.5 How Tk and Tkinter are Related
        • 20.1.6 Handy Reference
      • 20.2 Tix -- Extension widgets for Tk
        • 20.2.1 Using Tix
        • 20.2.2 Tix Widgets
        • 20.2.3 Tix Commands
      • 20.3 ScrolledText -- Scrolled Text Widget
      • 20.4 turtle -- Turtle graphics for Tk
        • 20.4.1 Turtle, Pen and RawPen Objects
      • 20.5 Idle
        • 20.5.1 Menus
        • 20.5.2 Basic editing and navigation
        • 20.5.3 Syntax colors
      • 20.6 Other Graphical User Interface Packages
    • 21. Internationalization
      • 21.1 gettext -- Multilingual internationalization services
        • 21.1.1 GNU gettext API
        • 21.1.2 Class-based API
        • 21.1.3 Internationalizing your programs and modules
        • 21.1.4 Acknowledgements
      • 21.2 locale -- Internationalization services
        • 21.2.1 Background, details, hints, tips and caveats
        • 21.2.2 For extension writers and programs that embed Python
        • 21.2.3 Access to message catalogs
    • 22. Program Frameworks
      • 22.1 cmd -- Support for line-oriented command interpreters
        • 22.1.1 Cmd Objects
      • 22.2 shlex -- Simple lexical analysis
        • 22.2.1 shlex Objects
        • 22.2.2 Parsing Rules
    • 23. Development Tools
      • 23.1 pydoc -- Documentation generator and online help system
      • 23.2 doctest -- Test interactive Python examples
        • 23.2.1 Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings
        • 23.2.2 Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File
        • 23.2.3 How It Works
        • 23.2.4 Basic API
        • 23.2.5 Unittest API
        • 23.2.6 Advanced API
        • 23.2.7 Debugging
        • 23.2.8 Soapbox
      • 23.3 unittest -- Unit testing framework
        • 23.3.1 Basic example
        • 23.3.2 Organizing test code
        • 23.3.3 Re-using old test code
        • 23.3.4 Classes and functions
        • 23.3.5 TestCase Objects
        • 23.3.6 TestSuite Objects
        • 23.3.7 TestResult Objects
        • 23.3.8 TestLoader Objects
      • 23.4 test -- Regression tests package for Python
        • 23.4.1 Writing Unit Tests for the test package
        • 23.4.2 Running tests using test.regrtest
      • 23.5 test.test_support -- Utility functions for tests
    • 24. The Python Debugger
      • 24.1 Debugger Commands
      • 24.2 How It Works
    • 25. The Python Profilers
      • 25.1 Introduction to the profilers
      • 25.2 Instant User's Manual
      • 25.3 What Is Deterministic Profiling?
      • 25.4 Reference Manual - profile and cProfile
        • 25.4.1 The Stats Class
      • 25.5 Limitations
      • 25.6 Calibration
      • 25.7 Extensions -- Deriving Better Profilers
      • 25.8 hotshot -- High performance logging profiler
        • 25.8.1 Profile Objects
        • 25.8.2 Using hotshot data
        • 25.8.3 Example Usage
      • 25.9 timeit -- Measure execution time of small code snippets
        • 25.9.1 Command Line Interface
        • 25.9.2 Examples
      • 25.10 trace -- Trace or track Python statement execution
        • 25.10.1 Command Line Usage
        • 25.10.2 Programming Interface
    • 26. Python Runtime Services
      • 26.1 sys -- System-specific parameters and functions
      • 26.2 __builtin__ -- Built-in objects
      • 26.3 __main__ -- Top-level script environment
      • 26.4 warnings -- Warning control
        • 26.4.1 Warning Categories
        • 26.4.2 The Warnings Filter
        • 26.4.3 Available Functions
      • 26.5 contextlib -- Utilities for with-statement contexts.
      • 26.6 atexit -- Exit handlers
        • 26.6.1 atexit Example
      • 26.7 traceback -- Print or retrieve a stack traceback
        • 26.7.1 Traceback Example
      • 26.8 __future__ -- Future statement definitions
      • 26.9 gc -- Garbage Collector interface
      • 26.10 inspect -- Inspect live objects
        • 26.10.1 Types and members
        • 26.10.2 Retrieving source code
        • 26.10.3 Classes and functions
        • 26.10.4 The interpreter stack
      • 26.11 site -- Site-specific configuration hook
      • 26.12 user -- User-specific configuration hook
      • 26.13 fpectl -- Floating point exception control
        • 26.13.1 Example
        • 26.13.2 Limitations and other considerations
    • 27. Custom Python Interpreters
      • 27.1 code -- Interpreter base classes
        • 27.1.1 Interactive Interpreter Objects
        • 27.1.2 Interactive Console Objects
      • 27.2 codeop -- Compile Python code
    • 28. Restricted Execution
      • 28.1 rexec -- Restricted execution framework
        • 28.1.1 RExec Objects
        • 28.1.2 Defining restricted environments
        • 28.1.3 An example
      • 28.2 Bastion -- Restricting access to objects
    • 29. Importing Modules
      • 29.1 imp -- Access the import internals
        • 29.1.1 Examples
      • 29.2 zipimport -- Import modules from Zip archives
        • 29.2.1 zipimporter Objects
        • 29.2.2 Examples
      • 29.3 pkgutil -- Package extension utility
      • 29.4 modulefinder -- Find modules used by a script
      • 29.5 runpy -- Locating and executing Python modules.
    • 30. Python Language Services
      • 30.1 parser -- Access Python parse trees
        • 30.1.1 Creating AST Objects
        • 30.1.2 Converting AST Objects
        • 30.1.3 Queries on AST Objects
        • 30.1.4 Exceptions and Error Handling
        • 30.1.5 AST Objects
        • 30.1.6 Examples
      • 30.2 symbol -- Constants used with Python parse trees
      • 30.3 token -- Constants used with Python parse trees
      • 30.4 keyword -- Testing for Python keywords
      • 30.5 tokenize -- Tokenizer for Python source
      • 30.6 tabnanny -- Detection of ambiguous indentation
      • 30.7 pyclbr -- Python class browser support
        • 30.7.1 Class Descriptor Objects
        • 30.7.2 Function Descriptor Objects
      • 30.8 py_compile -- Compile Python source files
      • 30.9 compileall -- Byte-compile Python libraries
      • 30.10 dis -- Disassembler for Python byte code
        • 30.10.1 Python Byte Code Instructions
      • 30.11 pickletools -- Tools for pickle developers.
      • 30.12 distutils -- Building and installing Python modules
    • 31. Python compiler package
      • 31.1 The basic interface
      • 31.2 Limitations
      • 31.3 Python Abstract Syntax
        • 31.3.1 AST Nodes
        • 31.3.2 Assignment nodes
        • 31.3.3 Examples
      • 31.4 Using Visitors to Walk ASTs
      • 31.5 Bytecode Generation
    • 32. Abstract Syntax Trees
      • 32.1 Abstract Grammar
    • 33. Miscellaneous Services
      • 33.1 formatter -- Generic output formatting
        • 33.1.1 The Formatter Interface
        • 33.1.2 Formatter Implementations
        • 33.1.3 The Writer Interface
        • 33.1.4 Writer Implementations
    • 34. SGI IRIX Specific Services
      • 34.1 al -- Audio functions on the SGI
        • 34.1.1 Configuration Objects
        • 34.1.2 Port Objects
      • 34.2 AL -- Constants used with the al module
      • 34.3 cd -- CD-ROM access on SGI systems
        • 34.3.1 Player Objects
        • 34.3.2 Parser Objects
      • 34.4 fl -- FORMS library for graphical user interfaces
        • 34.4.1 Functions Defined in Module fl
        • 34.4.2 Form Objects
        • 34.4.3 FORMS Objects
      • 34.5 FL -- Constants used with the fl module
      • 34.6 flp -- Functions for loading stored FORMS designs
      • 34.7 fm -- Font Manager interface
      • 34.8 gl -- Graphics Library interface
      • 34.9 DEVICE -- Constants used with the gl module
      • 34.10 GL -- Constants used with the gl module
      • 34.11 imgfile -- Support for SGI imglib files
      • 34.12 jpeg -- Read and write JPEG files
    • 35. SunOS Specific Services
      • 35.1 sunaudiodev -- Access to Sun audio hardware
        • 35.1.1 Audio Device Objects
      • 35.2 SUNAUDIODEV -- Constants used with sunaudiodev
    • 36. MS Windows Specific Services
      • 36.1 msilib -- Read and write Microsoft Installer files
        • 36.1.1 Database Objects
        • 36.1.2 View Objects
        • 36.1.3 Summary Information Objects
        • 36.1.4 Record Objects
        • 36.1.5 Errors
        • 36.1.6 CAB Objects
        • 36.1.7 Directory Objects
        • 36.1.8 Features
        • 36.1.9 GUI classes
        • 36.1.10 Precomputed tables
      • 36.2 msvcrt - Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
        • 36.2.1 File Operations
        • 36.2.2 Console I/O
        • 36.2.3 Other Functions
      • 36.3 _winreg - Windows registry access
        • 36.3.1 Registry Handle Objects
      • 36.4 winsound -- Sound-playing interface for Windows
    • A. Undocumented Modules
      • A.1 Frameworks
      • A.2 Miscellaneous useful utilities
      • A.3 Platform specific modules
      • A.4 Multimedia
      • A.5 Obsolete
      • A.6 SGI-specific Extension modules
    • B. Reporting Bugs
    • C. History and License
      • C.1 History of the software
      • C.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
      • C.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
        • C.3.1 Mersenne Twister
        • C.3.2 Sockets
        • C.3.3 Floating point exception control
        • C.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
        • C.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
        • C.3.6 Cookie management
        • C.3.7 Profiling
        • C.3.8 Execution tracing
        • C.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
        • C.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
    • Module Index
    • Index
  • Language Reference
    • 1. Introduction
      • 1.1 Alternate Implementations
      • 1.2 Notation
    • 2. Lexical analysis
      • 2.1 Line structure
        • 2.1.1 Logical lines
        • 2.1.2 Physical lines
        • 2.1.3 Comments
        • 2.1.4 Encoding declarations
        • 2.1.5 Explicit line joining
        • 2.1.6 Implicit line joining
        • 2.1.7 Blank lines
        • 2.1.8 Indentation
        • 2.1.9 Whitespace between tokens
      • 2.2 Other tokens
      • 2.3 Identifiers and keywords
        • 2.3.1 Keywords
        • 2.3.2 Reserved classes of identifiers
      • 2.4 Literals
        • 2.4.1 String literals
        • 2.4.2 String literal concatenation
        • 2.4.3 Numeric literals
        • 2.4.4 Integer and long integer literals
        • 2.4.5 Floating point literals
        • 2.4.6 Imaginary literals
      • 2.5 Operators
      • 2.6 Delimiters
    • 3. Data model
      • 3.1 Objects, values and types
      • 3.2 The standard type hierarchy
      • 3.3 New-style and classic classes
      • 3.4 Special method names
        • 3.4.1 Basic customization
        • 3.4.2 Customizing attribute access
        • 3.4.3 Customizing class creation
        • 3.4.4 Emulating callable objects
        • 3.4.5 Emulating container types
        • 3.4.6 Additional methods for emulation of sequence types
        • 3.4.7 Emulating numeric types
        • 3.4.8 Coercion rules
        • 3.4.9 With Statement Context Managers
    • 4. Execution model
      • 4.1 Naming and binding
        • 4.1.1 Interaction with dynamic features
      • 4.2 Exceptions
    • 5. Expressions
      • 5.1 Arithmetic conversions
      • 5.2 Atoms
        • 5.2.1 Identifiers (Names)
        • 5.2.2 Literals
        • 5.2.3 Parenthesized forms
        • 5.2.4 List displays
        • 5.2.5 Generator expressions
        • 5.2.6 Dictionary displays
        • 5.2.7 String conversions
      • 5.3 Primaries
        • 5.3.1 Attribute references
        • 5.3.2 Subscriptions
        • 5.3.3 Slicings
        • 5.3.4 Calls
      • 5.4 The power operator
      • 5.5 Unary arithmetic operations
      • 5.6 Binary arithmetic operations
      • 5.7 Shifting operations
      • 5.8 Binary bit-wise operations
      • 5.9 Comparisons
      • 5.10 Boolean operations
      • 5.11 Lambdas
      • 5.12 Expression lists
      • 5.13 Evaluation order
      • 5.14 Summary
    • 6. Simple statements
      • 6.1 Expression statements
      • 6.2 Assert statements
      • 6.3 Assignment statements
        • 6.3.1 Augmented assignment statements
      • 6.4 The pass statement
      • 6.5 The del statement
      • 6.6 The print statement
      • 6.7 The return statement
      • 6.8 The yield statement
      • 6.9 The raise statement
      • 6.10 The break statement
      • 6.11 The continue statement
      • 6.12 The import statement
        • 6.12.1 Future statements
      • 6.13 The global statement
      • 6.14 The exec statement
    • 7. Compound statements
      • 7.1 The if statement
      • 7.2 The while statement
      • 7.3 The for statement
      • 7.4 The try statement
      • 7.5 The with statement
      • 7.6 Function definitions
      • 7.7 Class definitions
    • 8. Top-level components
      • 8.1 Complete Python programs
      • 8.2 File input
      • 8.3 Interactive input
      • 8.4 Expression input
    • A. History and License
      • A.1 History of the software
      • A.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
      • A.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
        • A.3.1 Mersenne Twister
        • A.3.2 Sockets
        • A.3.3 Floating point exception control
        • A.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
        • A.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
        • A.3.6 Cookie management
        • A.3.7 Profiling
        • A.3.8 Execution tracing
        • A.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
        • A.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
    • Index
  • Macintosh Reference
    • 1. Using Python on a Macintosh
      • 1.1 Getting and Installing MacPython
        • 1.1.1 How to run a Python script
        • 1.1.2 Running scripts with a GUI
        • 1.1.3 configuration
      • 1.2 The IDE
        • 1.2.1 Using the ``Python Interactive'' window
        • 1.2.2 Writing a Python Script
        • 1.2.3 Executing a script from within the IDE
        • 1.2.4 ``Save as'' versus ``Save as Applet''
      • 1.3 The Package Manager
    • 2. MacPython Modules
      • 2.1 macpath -- MacOS path manipulation functions
      • 2.2 macfs -- Various file system services
        • 2.2.1 FSSpec Objects
        • 2.2.2 Alias Objects
        • 2.2.3 FInfo Objects
      • 2.3 ic -- Access to Internet Config
        • 2.3.1 IC Objects
      • 2.4 MacOS -- Access to Mac OS interpreter features
      • 2.5 macostools -- Convenience routines for file manipulation
      • 2.6 findertools -- The finder's Apple Events interface
      • 2.7 EasyDialogs -- Basic Macintosh dialogs
        • 2.7.1 ProgressBar Objects
      • 2.8 FrameWork -- Interactive application framework
        • 2.8.1 Application Objects
        • 2.8.2 Window Objects
        • 2.8.3 ControlsWindow Object
        • 2.8.4 ScrolledWindow Object
        • 2.8.5 DialogWindow Objects
      • 2.9 autoGIL -- Global Interpreter Lock handling in event loops
    • 3. MacPython OSA Modules
      • 3.1 gensuitemodule -- Generate OSA stub packages
      • 3.2 aetools -- OSA client support
      • 3.3 aepack -- Conversion between Python variables and AppleEvent data containers
      • 3.4 aetypes -- AppleEvent objects
      • 3.5 MiniAEFrame -- Open Scripting Architecture server support
        • 3.5.1 AEServer Objects
    • 4. MacOS Toolbox Modules
      • 4.1 Carbon.AE -- Apple Events
      • 4.2 Carbon.AH -- Apple Help
      • 4.3 Carbon.App -- Appearance Manager
      • 4.4 Carbon.CF -- Core Foundation
      • 4.5 Carbon.CG -- Core Graphics
      • 4.6 Carbon.CarbonEvt -- Carbon Event Manager
      • 4.7 Carbon.Cm -- Component Manager
      • 4.8 Carbon.Ctl -- Control Manager
      • 4.9 Carbon.Dlg -- Dialog Manager
      • 4.10 Carbon.Evt -- Event Manager
      • 4.11 Carbon.Fm -- Font Manager
      • 4.12 Carbon.Folder -- Folder Manager
      • 4.13 Carbon.Help -- Help Manager
      • 4.14 Carbon.List -- List Manager
      • 4.15 Carbon.Menu -- Menu Manager
      • 4.16 Carbon.Mlte -- MultiLingual Text Editor
      • 4.17 Carbon.Qd -- QuickDraw
      • 4.18 Carbon.Qdoffs -- QuickDraw Offscreen
      • 4.19 Carbon.Qt -- QuickTime
      • 4.20 Carbon.Res -- Resource Manager and Handles
      • 4.21 Carbon.Scrap -- Scrap Manager
      • 4.22 Carbon.Snd -- Sound Manager
      • 4.23 Carbon.TE -- TextEdit
      • 4.24 Carbon.Win -- Window Manager
      • 4.25 ColorPicker -- Color selection dialog
    • 5. Undocumented Modules
      • 5.1 applesingle -- AppleSingle decoder
      • 5.2 buildtools -- Helper module for BuildApplet and Friends
      • 5.3 cfmfile -- Code Fragment Resource module
      • 5.4 icopen -- Internet Config replacement for open()
      • 5.5 macerrors -- Mac OS Errors
      • 5.6 macresource -- Locate script resources
      • 5.7 Nav -- NavServices calls
      • 5.8 PixMapWrapper -- Wrapper for PixMap objects
      • 5.9 videoreader -- Read QuickTime movies
      • 5.10 W -- Widgets built on FrameWork
    • A. History and License
      • A.1 History of the software
      • A.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
      • A.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
        • A.3.1 Mersenne Twister
        • A.3.2 Sockets
        • A.3.3 Floating point exception control
        • A.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
        • A.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
        • A.3.6 Cookie management
        • A.3.7 Profiling
        • A.3.8 Execution tracing
        • A.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
        • A.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
    • Module Index
    • Index
  • Extending and Embedding
    • 1. Extending Python with C or C++
      • 1.1 A Simple Example
      • 1.2 Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions
      • 1.3 Back to the Example
      • 1.4 The Module's Method Table and Initialization Function
      • 1.5 Compilation and Linkage
      • 1.6 Calling Python Functions from C
      • 1.7 Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions
      • 1.8 Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions
      • 1.9 Building Arbitrary Values
      • 1.10 Reference Counts
        • 1.10.1 Reference Counting in Python
        • 1.10.2 Ownership Rules
        • 1.10.3 Thin Ice
        • 1.10.4 NULL Pointers
      • 1.11 Writing Extensions in C++
      • 1.12 Providing a C API for an Extension Module
    • 2. Defining New Types
      • 2.1 The Basics
        • 2.1.1 Adding data and methods to the Basic example
        • 2.1.2 Providing finer control over data attributes
        • 2.1.3 Supporting cyclic garbage collection
      • 2.2 Type Methods
        • 2.2.1 Finalization and De-allocation
        • 2.2.2 Object Presentation
        • 2.2.3 Attribute Management
        • 2.2.4 Object Comparison
        • 2.2.5 Abstract Protocol Support
        • 2.2.6 Weak Reference Support
        • 2.2.7 More Suggestions
    • 3. Building C and C++ Extensions with distutils
      • 3.1 Distributing your extension modules
    • 4. Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows
      • 4.1 A Cookbook Approach
      • 4.2 Differences Between Unix and Windows
      • 4.3 Using DLLs in Practice
    • 5. Embedding Python in Another Application
      • 5.1 Very High Level Embedding
      • 5.2 Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview
      • 5.3 Pure Embedding
      • 5.4 Extending Embedded Python
      • 5.5 Embedding Python in C++
      • 5.6 Linking Requirements
    • A. Reporting Bugs
    • B. History and License
      • B.1 History of the software
      • B.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
      • B.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
        • B.3.1 Mersenne Twister
        • B.3.2 Sockets
        • B.3.3 Floating point exception control
        • B.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
        • B.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
        • B.3.6 Cookie management
        • B.3.7 Profiling
        • B.3.8 Execution tracing
        • B.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
        • B.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
  • Python/C API
    • 1. Introduction
      • 1.1 Include Files
      • 1.2 Objects, Types and Reference Counts
        • 1.2.1 Reference Counts
        • 1.2.2 Types
      • 1.3 Exceptions
      • 1.4 Embedding Python
      • 1.5 Debugging Builds
    • 2. The Very High Level Layer
    • 3. Reference Counting
    • 4. Exception Handling
      • 4.1 Standard Exceptions
      • 4.2 Deprecation of String Exceptions
    • 5. Utilities
      • 5.1 Operating System Utilities
      • 5.2 Process Control
      • 5.3 Importing Modules
      • 5.4 Data marshalling support
      • 5.5 Parsing arguments and building values
    • 6. Abstract Objects Layer
      • 6.1 Object Protocol
      • 6.2 Number Protocol
      • 6.3 Sequence Protocol
      • 6.4 Mapping Protocol
      • 6.5 Iterator Protocol
      • 6.6 Buffer Protocol
    • 7. Concrete Objects Layer
      • 7.1 Fundamental Objects
        • 7.1.1 Type Objects
        • 7.1.2 The None Object
      • 7.2 Numeric Objects
        • 7.2.1 Plain Integer Objects
        • 7.2.2 Boolean Objects
        • 7.2.3 Long Integer Objects
        • 7.2.4 Floating Point Objects
        • 7.2.5 Complex Number Objects
      • 7.3 Sequence Objects
        • 7.3.1 String Objects
        • 7.3.2 Unicode Objects
        • 7.3.3 Buffer Objects
        • 7.3.4 Tuple Objects
        • 7.3.5 List Objects
      • 7.4 Mapping Objects
        • 7.4.1 Dictionary Objects
      • 7.5 Other Objects
        • 7.5.1 File Objects
        • 7.5.2 Instance Objects
        • 7.5.3 Function Objects
        • 7.5.4 Method Objects
        • 7.5.5 Module Objects
        • 7.5.6 Iterator Objects
        • 7.5.7 Descriptor Objects
        • 7.5.8 Slice Objects
        • 7.5.9 Weak Reference Objects
        • 7.5.10 CObjects
        • 7.5.11 Cell Objects
        • 7.5.12 Generator Objects
        • 7.5.13 DateTime Objects
        • 7.5.14 Set Objects
    • 8. Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
      • 8.1 Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock
      • 8.2 Profiling and Tracing
      • 8.3 Advanced Debugger Support
    • 9. Memory Management
      • 9.1 Overview
      • 9.2 Memory Interface
      • 9.3 Examples
    • 10. Object Implementation Support
      • 10.1 Allocating Objects on the Heap
      • 10.2 Common Object Structures
      • 10.3 Type Objects
      • 10.4 Mapping Object Structures
      • 10.5 Number Object Structures
      • 10.6 Sequence Object Structures
      • 10.7 Buffer Object Structures
      • 10.8 Supporting the Iterator Protocol
      • 10.9 Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection
    • A. Reporting Bugs
    • B. History and License
      • B.1 History of the software
      • B.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
      • B.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
        • B.3.1 Mersenne Twister
        • B.3.2 Sockets
        • B.3.3 Floating point exception control
        • B.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
        • B.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
        • B.3.6 Cookie management
        • B.3.7 Profiling
        • B.3.8 Execution tracing
        • B.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
        • B.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
    • Index
  • Documenting Python
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Directory Structure
    • 3 Style Guide
    • 4 LaTeX Primer
      • 4.1 Syntax
      • 4.2 Hierarchical Structure
      • 4.3 Common Environments
    • 5 Document Classes
    • 6 Special Markup Constructs
      • 6.1 Markup for the Preamble
      • 6.2 Meta-information Markup
      • 6.3 Information Units
      • 6.4 Showing Code Examples
      • 6.5 Inline Markup
      • 6.6 Miscellaneous Text Markup
      • 6.7 Module-specific Markup
      • 6.8 Library-level Markup
      • 6.9 Table Markup
      • 6.10 Reference List Markup
      • 6.11 Index-generating Markup
      • 6.12 Grammar Production Displays
      • 6.13 Graphical Interface Components
    • 7 Processing Tools
      • 7.1 External Tools
      • 7.2 Internal Tools
      • 7.3 Working on Cygwin
    • 8 Including Graphics
    • 9 Future Directions
      • 9.1 Structured Documentation
      • 9.2 Discussion Forums
  • Installing Python Modules
    • 1 Introduction
      • 1.1 Best case: trivial installation
      • 1.2 The new standard: Distutils
    • 2 Standard Build and Install
      • 2.1 Platform variations
      • 2.2 Splitting the job up
      • 2.3 How building works
      • 2.4 How installation works
    • 3 Alternate Installation
      • 3.1 Alternate installation: the home scheme
      • 3.2 Alternate installation: Unix (the prefix scheme)
      • 3.3 Alternate installation: Windows (the prefix scheme)
    • 4 Custom Installation
      • 4.1 Modifying Python's Search Path
    • 5 Distutils Configuration Files
      • 5.1 Location and names of config files
      • 5.2 Syntax of config files
    • 6 Building Extensions: Tips and Tricks
      • 6.1 Tweaking compiler/linker flags
      • 6.2 Using non-Microsoft compilers on Windows
        • 6.2.1 Borland C++
        • 6.2.2 GNU C / Cygwin / MinGW
    • About this document ...
  • Distributing Python Modules
    • 1. An Introduction to Distutils
      • 1.1 Concepts & Terminology
      • 1.2 A Simple Example
      • 1.3 General Python terminology
      • 1.4 Distutils-specific terminology
    • 2. Writing the Setup Script
      • 2.1 Listing whole packages
      • 2.2 Listing individual modules
      • 2.3 Describing extension modules
        • 2.3.1 Extension names and packages
        • 2.3.2 Extension source files
        • 2.3.3 Preprocessor options
        • 2.3.4 Library options
        • 2.3.5 Other options
      • 2.4 Relationships between Distributions and Packages
      • 2.5 Installing Scripts
      • 2.6 Installing Package Data
      • 2.7 Installing Additional Files
      • 2.8 Additional meta-data
      • 2.9 Debugging the setup script
    • 3. Writing the Setup Configuration File
    • 4. Creating a Source Distribution
      • 4.1 Specifying the files to distribute
      • 4.2 Manifest-related options
    • 5. Creating Built Distributions
      • 5.1 Creating dumb built distributions
      • 5.2 Creating RPM packages
      • 5.3 Creating Windows Installers
        • 5.3.1 The Postinstallation script
    • 6. Registering with the Package Index
      • 6.1 The .pypirc file
    • 7. Uploading Packages to the Package Index
    • 8. Examples
      • 8.1 Pure Python distribution (by module)
      • 8.2 Pure Python distribution (by package)
      • 8.3 Single extension module
    • 9. Extending Distutils
      • 9.1 Integrating new commands
      • 9.2 Adding new distribution types
    • 10. Command Reference
      • 10.1 Installing modules: the install command family
        • 10.1.1 install_data
        • 10.1.2 install_scripts
      • 10.2 Creating a source distribution: the sdist command
    • 11. API Reference
      • 11.1 distutils.core -- Core Distutils functionality
      • 11.2 distutils.ccompiler -- CCompiler base class
      • 11.3 distutils.unixccompiler -- Unix C Compiler
      • 11.4 distutils.msvccompiler -- Microsoft Compiler
      • 11.5 distutils.bcppcompiler -- Borland Compiler
      • 11.6 distutils.cygwincompiler -- Cygwin Compiler
      • 11.7 distutils.emxccompiler -- OS/2 EMX Compiler
      • 11.8 distutils.mwerkscompiler -- Metrowerks CodeWarrior support
      • 11.9 distutils.archive_util -- Archiving utilities
      • 11.10 distutils.dep_util -- Dependency checking
      • 11.11 distutils.dir_util -- Directory tree operations
      • 11.12 distutils.file_util -- Single file operations
      • 11.13 distutils.util -- Miscellaneous other utility functions
      • 11.14 distutils.dist -- The Distribution class
      • 11.15 distutils.extension -- The Extension class
      • 11.16 distutils.debug -- Distutils debug mode
      • 11.17 distutils.errors -- Distutils exceptions
      • 11.18 distutils.fancy_getopt -- Wrapper around the standard getopt module
      • 11.19 distutils.filelist -- The FileList class
      • 11.20 distutils.log -- Simple PEP 282-style logging
      • 11.21 distutils.spawn -- Spawn a sub-process
      • 11.22 distutils.sysconfig -- System configuration information
      • 11.23 distutils.text_file -- The TextFile class
      • 11.24 distutils.version -- Version number classes
      • 11.25 distutils.cmd -- Abstract base class for Distutils commands
      • 11.26 distutils.command -- Individual Distutils commands
      • 11.27 distutils.command.bdist -- Build a binary installer
      • 11.28 distutils.command.bdist_packager -- Abstract base class for packagers
      • 11.29 distutils.command.bdist_dumb -- Build a ``dumb'' installer
      • 11.30 distutils.command.bdist_rpm -- Build a binary distribution as a Redhat RPM and SRPM
      • 11.31 distutils.command.bdist_wininst -- Build a Windows installer
      • 11.32 distutils.command.sdist -- Build a source distribution
      • 11.33 distutils.command.build -- Build all files of a package
      • 11.34 distutils.command.build_clib -- Build any C libraries in a package
      • 11.35 distutils.command.build_ext -- Build any extensions in a package
      • 11.36 distutils.command.build_py -- Build the .py/.pyc files of a package
      • 11.37 distutils.command.build_scripts -- Build the scripts of a package
      • 11.38 distutils.command.clean -- Clean a package build area
      • 11.39 distutils.command.config -- Perform package configuration
      • 11.40 distutils.command.install -- Install a package
      • 11.41 distutils.command.install_data -- Install data files from a package
      • 11.42 distutils.command.install_headers -- Install C/C++ header files from a package
      • 11.43 distutils.command.install_lib -- Install library files from a package
      • 11.44 distutils.command.install_scripts -- Install script files from a package
      • 11.45 distutils.command.register -- Register a module with the Python Package Index
      • 11.46 Creating a new Distutils command
    • Module Index
    • Index
    • About this document ...

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