7.3. Temas relacionados con el bloqueo

MySQL 5.0 supports table-level locking for MyISAM and MEMORY tables, page-level locking for BDB tables, and row-level locking for InnoDB tables.

In many cases, you can make an educated guess about which locking type is best for an application, but generally it is difficult to say that a given lock type is better than another. Everything depends on the application and different parts of an application may require different lock types.

To decide whether you want to use a storage engine with row-level locking, you should look at what your application does and what mix of select and update statements it uses. For example, most Web applications many selects, relatively few deletes, updates based mainly on key values, and inserts into a few specific tables. The base MySQL MyISAM setup is very well tuned for this.

Table locking in MySQL is deadlock-free for storage engines that use table-level locking. Deadlock avoidance is managed by always requesting all needed locks at once at the beginning of a query and always locking the tables in the same order.

The table-locking method MySQL uses for WRITE locks works as follows:

The table-locking method MySQL uses for READ locks works as follows:

When a lock is released, the lock is made available to the threads in the write lock queue, then to the threads in the read lock queue.

This means that if you have many updates for a table, SELECT statements wait until there are no more updates.

You can analyze the table lock contention on your system by checking the Table_locks_waited and Table_locks_immediate status variables:

mysql> SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Table%';
+-----------------------+---------+
| Variable_name         | Value   |
+-----------------------+---------+
| Table_locks_immediate | 1151552 |
| Table_locks_waited    | 15324   |
+-----------------------+---------+

You can freely mix concurrent INSERT and SELECT statements for a MyISAM table without locks if the INSERT statements are non-conflicting. That is, you can insert rows into a MyISAM table at the same time other clients are reading from it. No conflict occurs if the data file contains no free blocks in the middle, because in that case, records always are inserted at the end of the data file. (Holes can result from rows having been deleted from or updated in the middle of the table.) If there are holes, concurrent inserts are re-enabled automatically when all holes have been filled with new data.

If you want to do many INSERT and SELECT operations on a table when concurrent inserts are not possible, you can insert rows in a temporary table and update the real table with the records from the temporary table once in a while. This can be done with the following code:

mysql> LOCK TABLES real_table WRITE, insert_table WRITE;
mysql> INSERT INTO real_table SELECT * FROM insert_table;
mysql> TRUNCATE TABLE insert_table;
mysql> UNLOCK TABLES;

InnoDB uses row locks and BDB uses page locks. For these two storage engines, deadlocks are possible. This is because InnoDB automatically acquires row locks and BDB acquires page locks during the processing of SQL statements, not at the start of the transaction.

Advantages of row-level locking:

Disadvantages of row-level locking:

Table locks are superior to page-level or row-level locks in the following cases:

Options other than row-level or page-level locking:

To achieve a very high lock speed, MySQL uses table locking (instead of page, row, or column locking) for all storage engines except InnoDB and BDB.

For InnoDB and BDB tables, MySQL uses only table locking if you explicitly lock the table with LOCK TABLES. For these table types, we recommend that you not use LOCK TABLES at all, because InnoDB uses automatic row-level locking and BDB uses page-level locking to ensure transaction isolation.

For large tables, table locking is much better than row locking for most applications, but there are some pitfalls.

Table locking enables many threads to read from a table at the same time, but if a thread wants to write to a table, it must first get exclusive access. During the update, all other threads that want to access this particular table must wait until the update is done.

Table updates normally are considered to be more important than table retrievals, so they are given higher priority. This should ensure that updates to a table are not “starved” even if there is heavy SELECT activity for the table.

Table locking causes problems in cases such as when a thread is waiting because the disk is full and free space needs to become available before the thread can proceed. In this case, all threads that want to access the problem table are also put in a waiting state until more disk space is made available.

Table locking is also disadvantageous under the following scenario:

The following list describes some ways to avoid or reduce contention caused by table locking:

Here are some tips concerning table locks in MySQL: