Phase Error
In a quadrature modulated (QM) system, phase error (shown as θ in the equation below) occurs when the measured phase of the received symbols deviates from the ideal phase values. If the symbol sequence is {d0, d1, d2, ..., dN-1}, then the sequence of phase errors is {θ0, θ1, θ2, ..., θN-1}. The peak phase error over the N symbols is express as
θpeak = max(θi) i = 0, 1, 2, ..., N-1
and the RMS phase error over N symbols is
