documentation.HELP! Python 2.4 Documentation

Module Index

Python 2.4

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Module Index

This index only lists modules documented in this manual. The Global Module Index lists all modules that are documented in this set of manuals.

Some module names are followed by an annotation indicating what platform they are available on.

aepack (Mac)
aetools (Mac)
aetypes (Mac)
applesingle (Mac)
autoGIL (Mac)
buildtools (Mac)
Carbon.AE (Mac)
Carbon.AH (Mac)
Carbon.App (Mac)
Carbon.CaronEvt (Mac)
Carbon.CF (Mac)
Carbon.CG (Mac)
Carbon.Cm (Mac)
Carbon.Ctl (Mac)
Carbon.Dlg (Mac)
Carbon.Evt (Mac)
Carbon.Fm (Mac)
Carbon.Folder (Mac)
Carbon.Help (Mac)
Carbon.List (Mac)
Carbon.Menu (Mac)
Carbon.Mlte (Mac)
Carbon.Qd (Mac)
Carbon.Qdoffs (Mac)
Carbon.Qt (Mac)
Carbon.Res (Mac)
Carbon.Scrap (Mac)
Carbon.Snd (Mac)
Carbon.TE (Mac)
Carbon.Win (Mac)
cfmfile (Mac)
ColorPicker (Mac)
EasyDialogs (Mac)
findertools (Mac)
FrameWork (Mac)
gensuitemodule (Mac)
ic (Mac)
icopen (Mac)
macerrors (Mac)
macfs (Mac)
MacOS (Mac)
macostools (Mac)
macpath
macresource (Mac)
MiniAEFrame (Mac)
Nav (Mac)
PixMapWrapper (Mac)
videoreader (Mac)
W (Mac)
waste (Mac)


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Release 2.4.1, documentation updated on 30 March 2005.
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Menu

  • Homepage

Table of contents

  • Main page
  • Global Module Index
  • What's New
    • 1 PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects
    • 2 PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
    • 3 PEP 289: Generator Expressions
    • 4 PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions
    • 5 PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods
    • 6 PEP 322: Reverse Iteration
    • 7 PEP 324: New subprocess Module
    • 8 PEP 327: Decimal Data Type
      • 8.1 Why is Decimal needed?
      • 8.2 The Decimal type
      • 8.3 The Context type
    • 9 PEP 328: Multi-line Imports
    • 10 PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions
    • 11 Other Language Changes
      • 11.1 Optimizations
    • 12 New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
      • 12.1 cookielib
      • 12.2 doctest
    • 13 Build and C API Changes
      • 13.1 Port-Specific Changes
    • 14 Porting to Python 2.4
    • 15 Acknowledgements
  • Tutorial
    • 1. Whetting Your Appetite
    • 2. Using the Python Interpreter
      • 2.1 Invoking the Interpreter
        • 2.1.1 Argument Passing
        • 2.1.2 Interactive Mode
      • 2.2 The Interpreter and Its Environment
        • 2.2.1 Error Handling
        • 2.2.2 Executable Python Scripts
        • 2.2.3 Source Code Encoding
        • 2.2.4 The Interactive Startup File
    • 3. An Informal Introduction to Python
      • 3.1 Using Python as a Calculator
        • 3.1.1 Numbers
        • 3.1.2 Strings
        • 3.1.3 Unicode Strings
        • 3.1.4 Lists
      • 3.2 First Steps Towards Programming
    • 4. More Control Flow Tools
      • 4.1 if Statements
      • 4.2 for Statements
      • 4.3 The range() Function
      • 4.4 break and continue Statements, and else Clauses on Loops
      • 4.5 pass Statements
      • 4.6 Defining Functions
      • 4.7 More on Defining Functions
        • 4.7.1 Default Argument Values
        • 4.7.2 Keyword Arguments
        • 4.7.3 Arbitrary Argument Lists
        • 4.7.4 Unpacking Argument Lists
        • 4.7.5 Lambda Forms
        • 4.7.6 Documentation Strings
    • 5. Data Structures
      • 5.1 More on Lists
        • 5.1.1 Using Lists as Stacks
        • 5.1.2 Using Lists as Queues
        • 5.1.3 Functional Programming Tools
        • 5.1.4 List Comprehensions
      • 5.2 The del statement
      • 5.3 Tuples and Sequences
      • 5.4 Sets
      • 5.5 Dictionaries
      • 5.6 Looping Techniques
      • 5.7 More on Conditions
      • 5.8 Comparing Sequences and Other Types
    • 6. Modules
      • 6.1 More on Modules
        • 6.1.1 The Module Search Path
        • 6.1.2 ``Compiled'' Python files
      • 6.2 Standard Modules
      • 6.3 The dir() Function
      • 6.4 Packages
        • 6.4.1 Importing * From a Package
        • 6.4.2 Intra-package References
        • 6.4.3 Packages in Multiple Directories
    • 7. Input and Output
      • 7.1 Fancier Output Formatting
      • 7.2 Reading and Writing Files
        • 7.2.1 Methods of File Objects
        • 7.2.2 The pickle Module
    • 8. Errors and Exceptions
      • 8.1 Syntax Errors
      • 8.2 Exceptions
      • 8.3 Handling Exceptions
      • 8.4 Raising Exceptions
      • 8.5 User-defined Exceptions
      • 8.6 Defining Clean-up Actions
    • 9. Classes
      • 9.1 A Word About Terminology
      • 9.2 Python Scopes and Name Spaces
      • 9.3 A First Look at Classes
        • 9.3.1 Class Definition Syntax
        • 9.3.2 Class Objects
        • 9.3.3 Instance Objects
        • 9.3.4 Method Objects
      • 9.4 Random Remarks
      • 9.5 Inheritance
        • 9.5.1 Multiple Inheritance
      • 9.6 Private Variables
      • 9.7 Odds and Ends
      • 9.8 Exceptions Are Classes Too
      • 9.9 Iterators
      • 9.10 Generators
      • 9.11 Generator Expressions
    • 10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library
      • 10.1 Operating System Interface
      • 10.2 File Wildcards
      • 10.3 Command Line Arguments
      • 10.4 Error Output Redirection and Program Termination
      • 10.5 String Pattern Matching
      • 10.6 Mathematics
      • 10.7 Internet Access
      • 10.8 Dates and Times
      • 10.9 Data Compression
      • 10.10 Performance Measurement
      • 10.11 Quality Control
      • 10.12 Batteries Included
    • 11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library - Part II
      • 11.1 Output Formatting
      • 11.2 Templating
      • 11.3 Working with Binary Data Record Layouts
      • 11.4 Multi-threading
      • 11.5 Logging
      • 11.6 Weak References
      • 11.7 Tools for Working with Lists
      • 11.8 Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic
    • 12. What Now?
    • A. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution
      • A.1 Line Editing
      • A.2 History Substitution
      • A.3 Key Bindings
      • A.4 Commentary
    • B. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations
      • B.1 Representation Error
    • C. History and License
      • C.1 History of the software
      • C.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
      • C.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
        • C.3.1 Mersenne Twister
        • C.3.2 Sockets
        • C.3.3 Floating point exception control
        • C.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
        • C.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
        • C.3.6 Cookie management
        • C.3.7 Profiling
        • C.3.8 Execution tracing
        • C.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
        • C.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
    • D. Glossary
    • Index
  • Library Reference
    • 1. Introduction
    • 2. Built-In Objects
      • 2.1 Built-in Functions
      • 2.2 Non-essential Built-in Functions
      • 2.3 Built-in Types
        • 2.3.1 Truth Value Testing
        • 2.3.2 Boolean Operations
        • 2.3.3 Comparisons
        • 2.3.4 Numeric Types
        • 2.3.5 Iterator Types
        • 2.3.6 Sequence Types
        • 2.3.7 Set Types
        • 2.3.8 Mapping Types
        • 2.3.9 File Objects
        • 2.3.10 Other Built-in Types
        • 2.3.11 Special Attributes
      • 2.4 Built-in Exceptions
      • 2.5 Built-in Constants
    • 3. Python Runtime Services
      • 3.1 sys -- System-specific parameters and functions
      • 3.2 gc -- Garbage Collector interface
      • 3.3 weakref -- Weak references
        • 3.3.1 Weak Reference Objects
        • 3.3.2 Example
        • 3.3.3 Weak References in Extension Types
      • 3.4 fpectl -- Floating point exception control
        • 3.4.1 Example
        • 3.4.2 Limitations and other considerations
      • 3.5 atexit -- Exit handlers
        • 3.5.1 atexit Example
      • 3.6 types -- Names for built-in types
      • 3.7 UserDict -- Class wrapper for dictionary objects
      • 3.8 UserList -- Class wrapper for list objects
      • 3.9 UserString -- Class wrapper for string objects
      • 3.10 operator -- Standard operators as functions.
        • 3.10.1 Mapping Operators to Functions
      • 3.11 inspect -- Inspect live objects
        • 3.11.1 Types and members
        • 3.11.2 Retrieving source code
        • 3.11.3 Classes and functions
        • 3.11.4 The interpreter stack
      • 3.12 traceback -- Print or retrieve a stack traceback
        • 3.12.1 Traceback Example
      • 3.13 linecache -- Random access to text lines
      • 3.14 pickle -- Python object serialization
        • 3.14.1 Relationship to other Python modules
        • 3.14.2 Data stream format
        • 3.14.3 Usage
        • 3.14.4 What can be pickled and unpickled?
        • 3.14.5 The pickle protocol
        • 3.14.6 Subclassing Unpicklers
        • 3.14.7 Example
      • 3.15 cPickle -- A faster pickle
      • 3.16 copy_reg -- Register pickle support functions
      • 3.17 shelve -- Python object persistence
        • 3.17.1 Restrictions
        • 3.17.2 Example
      • 3.18 copy -- Shallow and deep copy operations
      • 3.19 marshal -- Internal Python object serialization
      • 3.20 warnings -- Warning control
        • 3.20.1 Warning Categories
        • 3.20.2 The Warnings Filter
        • 3.20.3 Available Functions
      • 3.21 imp -- Access the import internals
        • 3.21.1 Examples
      • 3.22 zipimport -- Import modules from Zip archives
        • 3.22.1 zipimporter Objects
        • 3.22.2 Examples
      • 3.23 pkgutil -- Package extension utility
      • 3.24 code -- Interpreter base classes
        • 3.24.1 Interactive Interpreter Objects
        • 3.24.2 Interactive Console Objects
      • 3.25 codeop -- Compile Python code
      • 3.26 pprint -- Data pretty printer
        • 3.26.1 PrettyPrinter Objects
      • 3.27 repr -- Alternate repr() implementation
        • 3.27.1 Repr Objects
        • 3.27.2 Subclassing Repr Objects
      • 3.28 new -- Creation of runtime internal objects
      • 3.29 site -- Site-specific configuration hook
      • 3.30 user -- User-specific configuration hook
      • 3.31 __builtin__ -- Built-in objects
      • 3.32 __main__ -- Top-level script environment
      • 3.33 __future__ -- Future statement definitions
    • 4. String Services
      • 4.1 string -- Common string operations
        • 4.1.1 String constants
        • 4.1.2 Template strings
        • 4.1.3 String functions
        • 4.1.4 Deprecated string functions
      • 4.2 re -- Regular expression operations
        • 4.2.1 Regular Expression Syntax
        • 4.2.2 Matching vs Searching
        • 4.2.3 Module Contents
        • 4.2.4 Regular Expression Objects
        • 4.2.5 Match Objects
        • 4.2.6 Examples
      • 4.3 struct -- Interpret strings as packed binary data
      • 4.4 difflib -- Helpers for computing deltas
        • 4.4.1 SequenceMatcher Objects
        • 4.4.2 SequenceMatcher Examples
        • 4.4.3 Differ Objects
        • 4.4.4 Differ Example
      • 4.5 fpformat -- Floating point conversions
      • 4.6 StringIO -- Read and write strings as files
      • 4.7 cStringIO -- Faster version of StringIO
      • 4.8 textwrap -- Text wrapping and filling
      • 4.9 codecs -- Codec registry and base classes
        • 4.9.1 Codec Base Classes
        • 4.9.2 Standard Encodings
        • 4.9.3 encodings.idna -- Internationalized Domain Names in Applications
      • 4.10 unicodedata -- Unicode Database
      • 4.11 stringprep -- Internet String Preparation
    • 5. Miscellaneous Services
      • 5.1 pydoc -- Documentation generator and online help system
      • 5.2 doctest -- Test interactive Python examples
        • 5.2.1 Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings
        • 5.2.2 Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File
        • 5.2.3 How It Works
        • 5.2.4 Basic API
        • 5.2.5 Unittest API
        • 5.2.6 Advanced API
        • 5.2.7 Debugging
        • 5.2.8 Soapbox
      • 5.3 unittest -- Unit testing framework
        • 5.3.1 Basic example
        • 5.3.2 Organizing test code
        • 5.3.3 Re-using old test code
        • 5.3.4 Classes and functions
        • 5.3.5 TestCase Objects
        • 5.3.6 TestSuite Objects
        • 5.3.7 TestResult Objects
        • 5.3.8 TestLoader Objects
      • 5.4 test -- Regression tests package for Python
        • 5.4.1 Writing Unit Tests for the test package
        • 5.4.2 Running tests using test.regrtest
      • 5.5 test.test_support -- Utility functions for tests
      • 5.6 decimal -- Decimal floating point arithmetic
        • 5.6.1 Quick-start Tutorial
        • 5.6.2 Decimal objects
        • 5.6.3 Context objects
        • 5.6.4 Signals
        • 5.6.5 Floating Point Notes
        • 5.6.6 Working with threads
        • 5.6.7 Recipes
      • 5.7 math -- Mathematical functions
      • 5.8 cmath -- Mathematical functions for complex numbers
      • 5.9 random -- Generate pseudo-random numbers
      • 5.10 whrandom -- Pseudo-random number generator
      • 5.11 bisect -- Array bisection algorithm
        • 5.11.1 Examples
      • 5.12 collections -- High-performance container datatypes
        • 5.12.1 Recipes
      • 5.13 heapq -- Heap queue algorithm
        • 5.13.1 Theory
      • 5.14 array -- Efficient arrays of numeric values
      • 5.15 sets -- Unordered collections of unique elements
        • 5.15.1 Set Objects
        • 5.15.2 Example
        • 5.15.3 Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable
      • 5.16 itertools -- Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
        • 5.16.1 Itertool functions
        • 5.16.2 Examples
        • 5.16.3 Recipes
      • 5.17 ConfigParser -- Configuration file parser
        • 5.17.1 RawConfigParser Objects
        • 5.17.2 ConfigParser Objects
        • 5.17.3 SafeConfigParser Objects
      • 5.18 fileinput -- Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
      • 5.19 calendar -- General calendar-related functions
      • 5.20 cmd -- Support for line-oriented command interpreters
        • 5.20.1 Cmd Objects
      • 5.21 shlex -- Simple lexical analysis
        • 5.21.1 shlex Objects
        • 5.21.2 Parsing Rules
    • 6. Generic Operating System Services
      • 6.1 os -- Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
        • 6.1.1 Process Parameters
        • 6.1.2 File Object Creation
        • 6.1.3 File Descriptor Operations
        • 6.1.4 Files and Directories
        • 6.1.5 Process Management
        • 6.1.6 Miscellaneous System Information
        • 6.1.7 Miscellaneous Functions
      • 6.2 os.path -- Common pathname manipulations
      • 6.3 dircache -- Cached directory listings
      • 6.4 stat -- Interpreting stat() results
      • 6.5 statcache -- An optimization of os.stat()
      • 6.6 statvfs -- Constants used with os.statvfs()
      • 6.7 filecmp -- File and Directory Comparisons
        • 6.7.1 The dircmp class
      • 6.8 subprocess -- Subprocess management
        • 6.8.1 Using the subprocess Module
        • 6.8.2 Popen Objects
        • 6.8.3 Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module
      • 6.9 popen2 -- Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
        • 6.9.1 Popen3 and Popen4 Objects
        • 6.9.2 Flow Control Issues
      • 6.10 datetime -- Basic date and time types
        • 6.10.1 Available Types
        • 6.10.2 timedelta Objects
        • 6.10.3 date Objects
        • 6.10.4 datetime Objects
        • 6.10.5 time Objects
        • 6.10.6 tzinfo Objects
        • 6.10.7 strftime() Behavior
      • 6.11 time -- Time access and conversions
      • 6.12 sched -- Event scheduler
        • 6.12.1 Scheduler Objects
      • 6.13 mutex -- Mutual exclusion support
        • 6.13.1 Mutex Objects
      • 6.14 getpass -- Portable password input
      • 6.15 curses -- Terminal handling for character-cell displays
        • 6.15.1 Functions
        • 6.15.2 Window Objects
        • 6.15.3 Constants
      • 6.16 curses.textpad -- Text input widget for curses programs
        • 6.16.1 Textbox objects
      • 6.17 curses.wrapper -- Terminal handler for curses programs
      • 6.18 curses.ascii -- Utilities for ASCII characters
      • 6.19 curses.panel -- A panel stack extension for curses.
        • 6.19.1 Functions
        • 6.19.2 Panel Objects
      • 6.20 getopt -- Parser for command line options
      • 6.21 optparse -- More powerful command line option parser
        • 6.21.1 Background
        • 6.21.2 Tutorial
        • 6.21.3 Reference Guide
        • 6.21.4 Option Callbacks
        • 6.21.5 Extending optparse
      • 6.22 tempfile -- Generate temporary files and directories
      • 6.23 errno -- Standard errno system symbols
      • 6.24 glob -- Unix style pathname pattern expansion
      • 6.25 fnmatch -- Unix filename pattern matching
      • 6.26 shutil -- High-level file operations
        • 6.26.1 Example
      • 6.27 locale -- Internationalization services
        • 6.27.1 Background, details, hints, tips and caveats
        • 6.27.2 For extension writers and programs that embed Python
        • 6.27.3 Access to message catalogs
      • 6.28 gettext -- Multilingual internationalization services
        • 6.28.1 GNU gettext API
        • 6.28.2 Class-based API
        • 6.28.3 Internationalizing your programs and modules
        • 6.28.4 Acknowledgements
      • 6.29 logging -- Logging facility for Python
        • 6.29.1 Logger Objects
        • 6.29.2 Basic example
        • 6.29.3 Logging to multiple destinations
        • 6.29.4 Sending and receiving logging events across a network
        • 6.29.5 Handler Objects
        • 6.29.6 Formatter Objects
        • 6.29.7 Filter Objects
        • 6.29.8 LogRecord Objects
        • 6.29.9 Thread Safety
        • 6.29.10 Configuration
      • 6.30 platform -- Access to underlying platform's identifying data.
        • 6.30.1 Cross Platform
        • 6.30.2 Java Platform
        • 6.30.3 Windows Platform
        • 6.30.4 Mac OS Platform
        • 6.30.5 Unix Platforms
    • 7. Optional Operating System Services
      • 7.1 signal -- Set handlers for asynchronous events
        • 7.1.1 Example
      • 7.2 socket -- Low-level networking interface
        • 7.2.1 Socket Objects
        • 7.2.2 SSL Objects
        • 7.2.3 Example
      • 7.3 select -- Waiting for I/O completion
        • 7.3.1 Polling Objects
      • 7.4 thread -- Multiple threads of control
      • 7.5 threading -- Higher-level threading interface
        • 7.5.1 Lock Objects
        • 7.5.2 RLock Objects
        • 7.5.3 Condition Objects
        • 7.5.4 Semaphore Objects
        • 7.5.5 Event Objects
        • 7.5.6 Thread Objects
        • 7.5.7 Timer Objects
      • 7.6 dummy_thread -- Drop-in replacement for the thread module
      • 7.7 dummy_threading -- Drop-in replacement for the threading module
      • 7.8 Queue -- A synchronized queue class
        • 7.8.1 Queue Objects
      • 7.9 mmap -- Memory-mapped file support
      • 7.10 anydbm -- Generic access to DBM-style databases
      • 7.11 dbhash -- DBM-style interface to the BSD database library
        • 7.11.1 Database Objects
      • 7.12 whichdb -- Guess which DBM module created a database
      • 7.13 bsddb -- Interface to Berkeley DB library
        • 7.13.1 Hash, BTree and Record Objects
      • 7.14 dumbdbm -- Portable DBM implementation
        • 7.14.1 Dumbdbm Objects
      • 7.15 zlib -- Compression compatible with gzip
      • 7.16 gzip -- Support for gzip files
      • 7.17 bz2 -- Compression compatible with bzip2
        • 7.17.1 (De)compression of files
        • 7.17.2 Sequential (de)compression
        • 7.17.3 One-shot (de)compression
      • 7.18 zipfile -- Work with ZIP archives
        • 7.18.1 ZipFile Objects
        • 7.18.2 PyZipFile Objects
        • 7.18.3 ZipInfo Objects
      • 7.19 tarfile -- Read and write tar archive files
        • 7.19.1 TarFile Objects
        • 7.19.2 TarInfo Objects
        • 7.19.3 Examples
      • 7.20 readline -- GNU readline interface
        • 7.20.1 Example
      • 7.21 rlcompleter -- Completion function for GNU readline
        • 7.21.1 Completer Objects
    • 8. Unix Specific Services
      • 8.1 posix -- The most common POSIX system calls
        • 8.1.1 Large File Support
        • 8.1.2 Module Contents
      • 8.2 pwd -- The password database
      • 8.3 grp -- The group database
      • 8.4 crypt -- Function to check Unix passwords
      • 8.5 dl -- Call C functions in shared objects
        • 8.5.1 Dl Objects
      • 8.6 dbm -- Simple ``database'' interface
      • 8.7 gdbm -- GNU's reinterpretation of dbm
      • 8.8 termios -- POSIX style tty control
        • 8.8.1 Example
      • 8.9 tty -- Terminal control functions
      • 8.10 pty -- Pseudo-terminal utilities
      • 8.11 fcntl -- The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls
      • 8.12 pipes -- Interface to shell pipelines
        • 8.12.1 Template Objects
      • 8.13 posixfile -- File-like objects with locking support
      • 8.14 resource -- Resource usage information
        • 8.14.1 Resource Limits
        • 8.14.2 Resource Usage
      • 8.15 nis -- Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)
      • 8.16 syslog -- Unix syslog library routines
      • 8.17 commands -- Utilities for running commands
    • 9. The Python Debugger
      • 9.1 Debugger Commands
      • 9.2 How It Works
    • 10. The Python Profiler
      • 10.1 Introduction to the profiler
      • 10.2 How Is This Profiler Different From The Old Profiler?
      • 10.3 Instant Users Manual
      • 10.4 What Is Deterministic Profiling?
      • 10.5 Reference Manual
        • 10.5.1 The Stats Class
      • 10.6 Limitations
      • 10.7 Calibration
      • 10.8 Extensions -- Deriving Better Profilers
      • 10.9 hotshot -- High performance logging profiler
        • 10.9.1 Profile Objects
        • 10.9.2 Using hotshot data
        • 10.9.3 Example Usage
      • 10.10 timeit -- Measure execution time of small code snippets
        • 10.10.1 Command Line Interface
        • 10.10.2 Examples
    • 11. Internet Protocols and Support
      • 11.1 webbrowser -- Convenient Web-browser controller
        • 11.1.1 Browser Controller Objects
      • 11.2 cgi -- Common Gateway Interface support.
        • 11.2.1 Introduction
        • 11.2.2 Using the cgi module
        • 11.2.3 Higher Level Interface
        • 11.2.4 Old classes
        • 11.2.5 Functions
        • 11.2.6 Caring about security
        • 11.2.7 Installing your CGI script on a Unix system
        • 11.2.8 Testing your CGI script
        • 11.2.9 Debugging CGI scripts
        • 11.2.10 Common problems and solutions
      • 11.3 cgitb -- Traceback manager for CGI scripts
      • 11.4 urllib -- Open arbitrary resources by URL
        • 11.4.1 URLopener Objects
        • 11.4.2 Examples
      • 11.5 urllib2 -- extensible library for opening URLs
        • 11.5.1 Request Objects
        • 11.5.2 OpenerDirector Objects
        • 11.5.3 BaseHandler Objects
        • 11.5.4 HTTPRedirectHandler Objects
        • 11.5.5 HTTPCookieProcessor Objects
        • 11.5.6 ProxyHandler Objects
        • 11.5.7 HTTPPasswordMgr Objects
        • 11.5.8 AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
        • 11.5.9 HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
        • 11.5.10 ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
        • 11.5.11 AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
        • 11.5.12 HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
        • 11.5.13 ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
        • 11.5.14 HTTPHandler Objects
        • 11.5.15 HTTPSHandler Objects
        • 11.5.16 FileHandler Objects
        • 11.5.17 FTPHandler Objects
        • 11.5.18 CacheFTPHandler Objects
        • 11.5.19 GopherHandler Objects
        • 11.5.20 UnknownHandler Objects
        • 11.5.21 HTTPErrorProcessor Objects
        • 11.5.22 Examples
      • 11.6 httplib -- HTTP protocol client
        • 11.6.1 HTTPConnection Objects
        • 11.6.2 HTTPResponse Objects
        • 11.6.3 Examples
      • 11.7 ftplib -- FTP protocol client
        • 11.7.1 FTP Objects
      • 11.8 gopherlib -- Gopher protocol client
      • 11.9 poplib -- POP3 protocol client
        • 11.9.1 POP3 Objects
        • 11.9.2 POP3 Example
      • 11.10 imaplib -- IMAP4 protocol client
        • 11.10.1 IMAP4 Objects
        • 11.10.2 IMAP4 Example
      • 11.11 nntplib -- NNTP protocol client
        • 11.11.1 NNTP Objects
      • 11.12 smtplib -- SMTP protocol client
        • 11.12.1 SMTP Objects
        • 11.12.2 SMTP Example
      • 11.13 smtpd -- SMTP Server
        • 11.13.1 SMTPServer Objects
        • 11.13.2 DebuggingServer Objects
        • 11.13.3 PureProxy Objects
        • 11.13.4 MailmanProxy Objects
      • 11.14 telnetlib -- Telnet client
        • 11.14.1 Telnet Objects
        • 11.14.2 Telnet Example
      • 11.15 urlparse -- Parse URLs into components
      • 11.16 SocketServer -- A framework for network servers
      • 11.17 BaseHTTPServer -- Basic HTTP server
      • 11.18 SimpleHTTPServer -- Simple HTTP request handler
      • 11.19 CGIHTTPServer -- CGI-capable HTTP request handler
      • 11.20 cookielib -- Cookie handling for HTTP clients
        • 11.20.1 CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects
        • 11.20.2 FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers
        • 11.20.3 CookiePolicy Objects
        • 11.20.4 DefaultCookiePolicy Objects
        • 11.20.5 Cookie Objects
        • 11.20.6 Examples
      • 11.21 Cookie -- HTTP state management
        • 11.21.1 Cookie Objects
        • 11.21.2 Morsel Objects
        • 11.21.3 Example
      • 11.22 xmlrpclib -- XML-RPC client access
        • 11.22.1 ServerProxy Objects
        • 11.22.2 Boolean Objects
        • 11.22.3 DateTime Objects
        • 11.22.4 Binary Objects
        • 11.22.5 Fault Objects
        • 11.22.6 ProtocolError Objects
        • 11.22.7 MultiCall Objects
        • 11.22.8 Convenience Functions
        • 11.22.9 Example of Client Usage
      • 11.23 SimpleXMLRPCServer -- Basic XML-RPC server
        • 11.23.1 SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects
        • 11.23.2 CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
      • 11.24 DocXMLRPCServer -- Self-documenting XML-RPC server
        • 11.24.1 DocXMLRPCServer Objects
        • 11.24.2 DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
      • 11.25 asyncore -- Asynchronous socket handler
        • 11.25.1 asyncore Example basic HTTP client
      • 11.26 asynchat -- Asynchronous socket command/response handler
        • 11.26.1 asynchat - Auxiliary Classes and Functions
        • 11.26.2 asynchat Example
    • 12. Internet Data Handling
      • 12.1 formatter -- Generic output formatting
        • 12.1.1 The Formatter Interface
        • 12.1.2 Formatter Implementations
        • 12.1.3 The Writer Interface
        • 12.1.4 Writer Implementations
      • 12.2 email -- An email and MIME handling package
        • 12.2.1 Representing an email message
        • 12.2.2 Parsing email messages
        • 12.2.3 Generating MIME documents
        • 12.2.4 Creating email and MIME objects from scratch
        • 12.2.5 Internationalized headers
        • 12.2.6 Representing character sets
        • 12.2.7 Encoders
        • 12.2.8 Exception and Defect classes
        • 12.2.9 Miscellaneous utilities
        • 12.2.10 Iterators
        • 12.2.11 Package History
        • 12.2.12 Differences from mimelib
        • 12.2.13 Examples
      • 12.3 mailcap -- Mailcap file handling.
      • 12.4 mailbox -- Read various mailbox formats
        • 12.4.1 Mailbox Objects
      • 12.5 mhlib -- Access to MH mailboxes
        • 12.5.1 MH Objects
        • 12.5.2 Folder Objects
        • 12.5.3 Message Objects
      • 12.6 mimetools -- Tools for parsing MIME messages
        • 12.6.1 Additional Methods of Message Objects
      • 12.7 mimetypes -- Map filenames to MIME types
        • 12.7.1 MimeTypes Objects
      • 12.8 MimeWriter -- Generic MIME file writer
        • 12.8.1 MimeWriter Objects
      • 12.9 mimify -- MIME processing of mail messages
      • 12.10 multifile -- Support for files containing distinct parts
        • 12.10.1 MultiFile Objects
        • 12.10.2 MultiFile Example
      • 12.11 rfc822 -- Parse RFC 2822 mail headers
        • 12.11.1 Message Objects
        • 12.11.2 AddressList Objects
      • 12.12 base64 -- RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings
      • 12.13 binascii -- Convert between binary and ASCII
      • 12.14 binhex -- Encode and decode binhex4 files
        • 12.14.1 Notes
      • 12.15 quopri -- Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
      • 12.16 uu -- Encode and decode uuencode files
      • 12.17 xdrlib -- Encode and decode XDR data
        • 12.17.1 Packer Objects
        • 12.17.2 Unpacker Objects
        • 12.17.3 Exceptions
      • 12.18 netrc -- netrc file processing
        • 12.18.1 netrc Objects
      • 12.19 robotparser -- Parser for robots.txt
      • 12.20 csv -- CSV File Reading and Writing
        • 12.20.1 Module Contents
        • 12.20.2 Dialects and Formatting Parameters
        • 12.20.3 Reader Objects
        • 12.20.4 Writer Objects
        • 12.20.5 Examples
    • 13. Structured Markup Processing Tools
      • 13.1 HTMLParser -- Simple HTML and XHTML parser
        • 13.1.1 Example HTML Parser Application
      • 13.2 sgmllib -- Simple SGML parser
      • 13.3 htmllib -- A parser for HTML documents
        • 13.3.1 HTMLParser Objects
      • 13.4 htmlentitydefs -- Definitions of HTML general entities
      • 13.5 xml.parsers.expat -- Fast XML parsing using Expat
        • 13.5.1 XMLParser Objects
        • 13.5.2 ExpatError Exceptions
        • 13.5.3 Example
        • 13.5.4 Content Model Descriptions
        • 13.5.5 Expat error constants
      • 13.6 xml.dom -- The Document Object Model API
        • 13.6.1 Module Contents
        • 13.6.2 Objects in the DOM
        • 13.6.3 Conformance
      • 13.7 xml.dom.minidom -- Lightweight DOM implementation
        • 13.7.1 DOM Objects
        • 13.7.2 DOM Example
        • 13.7.3 minidom and the DOM standard
      • 13.8 xml.dom.pulldom -- Support for building partial DOM trees
        • 13.8.1 DOMEventStream Objects
      • 13.9 xml.sax -- Support for SAX2 parsers
        • 13.9.1 SAXException Objects
      • 13.10 xml.sax.handler -- Base classes for SAX handlers
        • 13.10.1 ContentHandler Objects
        • 13.10.2 DTDHandler Objects
        • 13.10.3 EntityResolver Objects
        • 13.10.4 ErrorHandler Objects
      • 13.11 xml.sax.saxutils -- SAX Utilities
      • 13.12 xml.sax.xmlreader -- Interface for XML parsers
        • 13.12.1 XMLReader Objects
        • 13.12.2 IncrementalParser Objects
        • 13.12.3 Locator Objects
        • 13.12.4 InputSource Objects
        • 13.12.5 The Attributes Interface
        • 13.12.6 The AttributesNS Interface
      • 13.13 xmllib -- A parser for XML documents
        • 13.13.1 XML Namespaces
    • 14. Multimedia Services
      • 14.1 audioop -- Manipulate raw audio data
      • 14.2 imageop -- Manipulate raw image data
      • 14.3 aifc -- Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
      • 14.4 sunau -- Read and write Sun AU files
        • 14.4.1 AU_read Objects
        • 14.4.2 AU_write Objects
      • 14.5 wave -- Read and write WAV files
        • 14.5.1 Wave_read Objects
        • 14.5.2 Wave_write Objects
      • 14.6 chunk -- Read IFF chunked data
      • 14.7 colorsys -- Conversions between color systems
      • 14.8 rgbimg -- Read and write ``SGI RGB'' files
      • 14.9 imghdr -- Determine the type of an image
      • 14.10 sndhdr -- Determine type of sound file
      • 14.11 ossaudiodev -- Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
        • 14.11.1 Audio Device Objects
        • 14.11.2 Mixer Device Objects
    • 15. Cryptographic Services
      • 15.1 hmac -- Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
      • 15.2 md5 -- MD5 message digest algorithm
      • 15.3 sha -- SHA-1 message digest algorithm
    • 16. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
      • 16.1 Tkinter -- Python interface to Tcl/Tk
        • 16.1.1 Tkinter Modules
        • 16.1.2 Tkinter Life Preserver
        • 16.1.3 A (Very) Quick Look at Tcl/Tk
        • 16.1.4 Mapping Basic Tk into Tkinter
        • 16.1.5 How Tk and Tkinter are Related
        • 16.1.6 Handy Reference
      • 16.2 Tix -- Extension widgets for Tk
        • 16.2.1 Using Tix
        • 16.2.2 Tix Widgets
        • 16.2.3 Tix Commands
      • 16.3 ScrolledText -- Scrolled Text Widget
      • 16.4 turtle -- Turtle graphics for Tk
        • 16.4.1 Pen and RawPen Objects
      • 16.5 Idle
        • 16.5.1 Menus
        • 16.5.2 Basic editing and navigation
        • 16.5.3 Syntax colors
      • 16.6 Other Graphical User Interface Packages
    • 17. Restricted Execution
      • 17.1 rexec -- Restricted execution framework
        • 17.1.1 RExec Objects
        • 17.1.2 Defining restricted environments
        • 17.1.3 An example
      • 17.2 Bastion -- Restricting access to objects
    • 18. Python Language Services
      • 18.1 parser -- Access Python parse trees
        • 18.1.1 Creating AST Objects
        • 18.1.2 Converting AST Objects
        • 18.1.3 Queries on AST Objects
        • 18.1.4 Exceptions and Error Handling
        • 18.1.5 AST Objects
        • 18.1.6 Examples
      • 18.2 symbol -- Constants used with Python parse trees
      • 18.3 token -- Constants used with Python parse trees
      • 18.4 keyword -- Testing for Python keywords
      • 18.5 tokenize -- Tokenizer for Python source
      • 18.6 tabnanny -- Detection of ambiguous indentation
      • 18.7 pyclbr -- Python class browser support
        • 18.7.1 Class Descriptor Objects
        • 18.7.2 Function Descriptor Objects
      • 18.8 py_compile -- Compile Python source files
      • 18.9 compileall -- Byte-compile Python libraries
      • 18.10 dis -- Disassembler for Python byte code
        • 18.10.1 Python Byte Code Instructions
      • 18.11 pickletools -- Tools for pickle developers.
      • 18.12 distutils -- Building and installing Python modules
    • 19. Python compiler package
      • 19.1 The basic interface
      • 19.2 Limitations
      • 19.3 Python Abstract Syntax
        • 19.3.1 AST Nodes
        • 19.3.2 Assignment nodes
        • 19.3.3 Examples
      • 19.4 Using Visitors to Walk ASTs
      • 19.5 Bytecode Generation
    • 20. SGI IRIX Specific Services
      • 20.1 al -- Audio functions on the SGI
        • 20.1.1 Configuration Objects
        • 20.1.2 Port Objects
      • 20.2 AL -- Constants used with the al module
      • 20.3 cd -- CD-ROM access on SGI systems
        • 20.3.1 Player Objects
        • 20.3.2 Parser Objects
      • 20.4 fl -- FORMS library for graphical user interfaces
        • 20.4.1 Functions Defined in Module fl
        • 20.4.2 Form Objects
        • 20.4.3 FORMS Objects
      • 20.5 FL -- Constants used with the fl module
      • 20.6 flp -- Functions for loading stored FORMS designs
      • 20.7 fm -- Font Manager interface
      • 20.8 gl -- Graphics Library interface
      • 20.9 DEVICE -- Constants used with the gl module
      • 20.10 GL -- Constants used with the gl module
      • 20.11 imgfile -- Support for SGI imglib files
      • 20.12 jpeg -- Read and write JPEG files
    • 21. SunOS Specific Services
      • 21.1 sunaudiodev -- Access to Sun audio hardware
        • 21.1.1 Audio Device Objects
      • 21.2 SUNAUDIODEV -- Constants used with sunaudiodev
    • 22. MS Windows Specific Services
      • 22.1 msvcrt - Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
        • 22.1.1 File Operations
        • 22.1.2 Console I/O
        • 22.1.3 Other Functions
      • 22.2 _winreg - Windows registry access
        • 22.2.1 Registry Handle Objects
      • 22.3 winsound -- Sound-playing interface for Windows
    • A. Undocumented Modules
      • A.1 Frameworks
      • A.2 Miscellaneous useful utilities
      • A.3 Platform specific modules
      • A.4 Multimedia
      • A.5 Obsolete
      • A.6 SGI-specific Extension modules
    • B. Reporting Bugs
    • C. History and License
      • C.1 History of the software
      • C.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
      • C.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
        • C.3.1 Mersenne Twister
        • C.3.2 Sockets
        • C.3.3 Floating point exception control
        • C.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
        • C.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
        • C.3.6 Cookie management
        • C.3.7 Profiling
        • C.3.8 Execution tracing
        • C.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
        • C.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
    • Module Index
    • Index
  • Language Reference
    • 1. Introduction
      • 1.1 Notation
    • 2. Lexical analysis
      • 2.1 Line structure
        • 2.1.1 Logical lines
        • 2.1.2 Physical lines
        • 2.1.3 Comments
        • 2.1.4 Encoding declarations
        • 2.1.5 Explicit line joining
        • 2.1.6 Implicit line joining
        • 2.1.7 Blank lines
        • 2.1.8 Indentation
        • 2.1.9 Whitespace between tokens
      • 2.2 Other tokens
      • 2.3 Identifiers and keywords
        • 2.3.1 Keywords
        • 2.3.2 Reserved classes of identifiers
      • 2.4 Literals
        • 2.4.1 String literals
        • 2.4.2 String literal concatenation
        • 2.4.3 Numeric literals
        • 2.4.4 Integer and long integer literals
        • 2.4.5 Floating point literals
        • 2.4.6 Imaginary literals
      • 2.5 Operators
      • 2.6 Delimiters
    • 3. Data model
      • 3.1 Objects, values and types
      • 3.2 The standard type hierarchy
      • 3.3 Special method names
        • 3.3.1 Basic customization
        • 3.3.2 Customizing attribute access
        • 3.3.3 Customizing class creation
        • 3.3.4 Emulating callable objects
        • 3.3.5 Emulating container types
        • 3.3.6 Additional methods for emulation of sequence types
        • 3.3.7 Emulating numeric types
        • 3.3.8 Coercion rules
    • 4. Execution model
      • 4.1 Naming and binding
        • 4.1.1 Interaction with dynamic features
      • 4.2 Exceptions
    • 5. Expressions
      • 5.1 Arithmetic conversions
      • 5.2 Atoms
        • 5.2.1 Identifiers (Names)
        • 5.2.2 Literals
        • 5.2.3 Parenthesized forms
        • 5.2.4 List displays
        • 5.2.5 Generator expressions
        • 5.2.6 Dictionary displays
        • 5.2.7 String conversions
      • 5.3 Primaries
        • 5.3.1 Attribute references
        • 5.3.2 Subscriptions
        • 5.3.3 Slicings
        • 5.3.4 Calls
      • 5.4 The power operator
      • 5.5 Unary arithmetic operations
      • 5.6 Binary arithmetic operations
      • 5.7 Shifting operations
      • 5.8 Binary bit-wise operations
      • 5.9 Comparisons
      • 5.10 Boolean operations
      • 5.11 Lambdas
      • 5.12 Expression lists
      • 5.13 Evaluation order
      • 5.14 Summary
    • 6. Simple statements
      • 6.1 Expression statements
      • 6.2 Assert statements
      • 6.3 Assignment statements
        • 6.3.1 Augmented assignment statements
      • 6.4 The pass statement
      • 6.5 The del statement
      • 6.6 The print statement
      • 6.7 The return statement
      • 6.8 The yield statement
      • 6.9 The raise statement
      • 6.10 The break statement
      • 6.11 The continue statement
      • 6.12 The import statement
        • 6.12.1 Future statements
      • 6.13 The global statement
      • 6.14 The exec statement
    • 7. Compound statements
      • 7.1 The if statement
      • 7.2 The while statement
      • 7.3 The for statement
      • 7.4 The try statement
      • 7.5 Function definitions
      • 7.6 Class definitions
    • 8. Top-level components
      • 8.1 Complete Python programs
      • 8.2 File input
      • 8.3 Interactive input
      • 8.4 Expression input
    • A. History and License
      • A.1 History of the software
      • A.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
      • A.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
        • A.3.1 Mersenne Twister
        • A.3.2 Sockets
        • A.3.3 Floating point exception control
        • A.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
        • A.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
        • A.3.6 Cookie management
        • A.3.7 Profiling
        • A.3.8 Execution tracing
        • A.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
        • A.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
    • Index
  • Macintosh Reference
    • 1. Using Python on a Macintosh
      • 1.1 Getting and Installing MacPython
        • 1.1.1 How to run a Python script
        • 1.1.2 Running scripts with a GUI
        • 1.1.3 configuration
      • 1.2 The IDE
        • 1.2.1 Using the ``Python Interactive'' window
        • 1.2.2 Writing a Python Script
        • 1.2.3 Executing a script from within the IDE
        • 1.2.4 ``Save as'' versus ``Save as Applet''
      • 1.3 The Package Manager
    • 2. MacPython Modules
      • 2.1 macpath -- MacOS path manipulation functions
      • 2.2 macfs -- Various file system services
        • 2.2.1 FSSpec Objects
        • 2.2.2 Alias Objects
        • 2.2.3 FInfo Objects
      • 2.3 ic -- Access to Internet Config
        • 2.3.1 IC Objects
      • 2.4 MacOS -- Access to Mac OS interpreter features
      • 2.5 macostools -- Convenience routines for file manipulation
      • 2.6 findertools -- The finder's Apple Events interface
      • 2.7 EasyDialogs -- Basic Macintosh dialogs
        • 2.7.1 ProgressBar Objects
      • 2.8 FrameWork -- Interactive application framework
        • 2.8.1 Application Objects
        • 2.8.2 Window Objects
        • 2.8.3 ControlsWindow Object
        • 2.8.4 ScrolledWindow Object
        • 2.8.5 DialogWindow Objects
      • 2.9 autoGIL -- Global Interpreter Lock handling in event loops
    • 3. MacPython OSA Modules
      • 3.1 gensuitemodule -- Generate OSA stub packages
      • 3.2 aetools -- OSA client support
      • 3.3 aepack -- Conversion between Python variables and AppleEvent data containers
      • 3.4 aetypes -- AppleEvent objects
      • 3.5 MiniAEFrame -- Open Scripting Architecture server support
        • 3.5.1 AEServer Objects
    • 4. MacOS Toolbox Modules
      • 4.1 Carbon.AE -- Apple Events
      • 4.2 Carbon.AH -- Apple Help
      • 4.3 Carbon.App -- Appearance Manager
      • 4.4 Carbon.CF -- Core Foundation
      • 4.5 Carbon.CG -- Core Graphics
      • 4.6 Carbon.CarbonEvt -- Carbon Event Manager
      • 4.7 Carbon.Cm -- Component Manager
      • 4.8 Carbon.Ctl -- Control Manager
      • 4.9 Carbon.Dlg -- Dialog Manager
      • 4.10 Carbon.Evt -- Event Manager
      • 4.11 Carbon.Fm -- Font Manager
      • 4.12 Carbon.Folder -- Folder Manager
      • 4.13 Carbon.Help -- Help Manager
      • 4.14 Carbon.List -- List Manager
      • 4.15 Carbon.Menu -- Menu Manager
      • 4.16 Carbon.Mlte -- MultiLingual Text Editor
      • 4.17 Carbon.Qd -- QuickDraw
      • 4.18 Carbon.Qdoffs -- QuickDraw Offscreen
      • 4.19 Carbon.Qt -- QuickTime
      • 4.20 Carbon.Res -- Resource Manager and Handles
      • 4.21 Carbon.Scrap -- Scrap Manager
      • 4.22 Carbon.Snd -- Sound Manager
      • 4.23 Carbon.TE -- TextEdit
      • 4.24 Carbon.Win -- Window Manager
      • 4.25 ColorPicker -- Color selection dialog
    • 5. Undocumented Modules
      • 5.1 applesingle -- AppleSingle decoder
      • 5.2 buildtools -- Helper module for BuildApplet and Friends
      • 5.3 cfmfile -- Code Fragment Resource module
      • 5.4 icopen -- Internet Config replacement for open()
      • 5.5 macerrors -- Mac OS Errors
      • 5.6 macresource -- Locate script resources
      • 5.7 Nav -- NavServices calls
      • 5.8 PixMapWrapper -- Wrapper for PixMap objects
      • 5.9 videoreader -- Read QuickTime movies
      • 5.10 W -- Widgets built on FrameWork
      • 5.11 waste -- non-Apple TextEdit replacement
    • A. History and License
      • A.1 History of the software
      • A.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
      • A.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
        • A.3.1 Mersenne Twister
        • A.3.2 Sockets
        • A.3.3 Floating point exception control
        • A.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
        • A.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
        • A.3.6 Cookie management
        • A.3.7 Profiling
        • A.3.8 Execution tracing
        • A.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
        • A.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
    • Module Index
    • Index
  • Extending and Embedding
    • 1. Extending Python with C or C++
      • 1.1 A Simple Example
      • 1.2 Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions
      • 1.3 Back to the Example
      • 1.4 The Module's Method Table and Initialization Function
      • 1.5 Compilation and Linkage
      • 1.6 Calling Python Functions from C
      • 1.7 Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions
      • 1.8 Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions
      • 1.9 Building Arbitrary Values
      • 1.10 Reference Counts
        • 1.10.1 Reference Counting in Python
        • 1.10.2 Ownership Rules
        • 1.10.3 Thin Ice
        • 1.10.4 NULL Pointers
      • 1.11 Writing Extensions in C++
      • 1.12 Providing a C API for an Extension Module
    • 2. Defining New Types
      • 2.1 The Basics
        • 2.1.1 Adding data and methods to the Basic example
        • 2.1.2 Providing finer control over data attributes
        • 2.1.3 Supporting cyclic garbage collection
      • 2.2 Type Methods
        • 2.2.1 Finalization and De-allocation
        • 2.2.2 Object Presentation
        • 2.2.3 Attribute Management
        • 2.2.4 Object Comparison
        • 2.2.5 Abstract Protocol Support
        • 2.2.6 More Suggestions
    • 3. Building C and C++ Extensions with distutils
      • 3.1 Distributing your extension modules
    • 4. Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows
      • 4.1 A Cookbook Approach
      • 4.2 Differences Between Unix and Windows
      • 4.3 Using DLLs in Practice
    • 5. Embedding Python in Another Application
      • 5.1 Very High Level Embedding
      • 5.2 Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview
      • 5.3 Pure Embedding
      • 5.4 Extending Embedded Python
      • 5.5 Embedding Python in C++
      • 5.6 Linking Requirements
    • A. Reporting Bugs
    • B. History and License
      • B.1 History of the software
      • B.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
      • B.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
        • B.3.1 Mersenne Twister
        • B.3.2 Sockets
        • B.3.3 Floating point exception control
        • B.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
        • B.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
        • B.3.6 Cookie management
        • B.3.7 Profiling
        • B.3.8 Execution tracing
        • B.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
        • B.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
  • Python/C API
    • 1. Introduction
      • 1.1 Include Files
      • 1.2 Objects, Types and Reference Counts
        • 1.2.1 Reference Counts
        • 1.2.2 Types
      • 1.3 Exceptions
      • 1.4 Embedding Python
    • 2. The Very High Level Layer
    • 3. Reference Counting
    • 4. Exception Handling
      • 4.1 Standard Exceptions
      • 4.2 Deprecation of String Exceptions
    • 5. Utilities
      • 5.1 Operating System Utilities
      • 5.2 Process Control
      • 5.3 Importing Modules
      • 5.4 Data marshalling support
      • 5.5 Parsing arguments and building values
    • 6. Abstract Objects Layer
      • 6.1 Object Protocol
      • 6.2 Number Protocol
      • 6.3 Sequence Protocol
      • 6.4 Mapping Protocol
      • 6.5 Iterator Protocol
      • 6.6 Buffer Protocol
    • 7. Concrete Objects Layer
      • 7.1 Fundamental Objects
        • 7.1.1 Type Objects
        • 7.1.2 The None Object
      • 7.2 Numeric Objects
        • 7.2.1 Plain Integer Objects
        • 7.2.2 Boolean Objects
        • 7.2.3 Long Integer Objects
        • 7.2.4 Floating Point Objects
        • 7.2.5 Complex Number Objects
      • 7.3 Sequence Objects
        • 7.3.1 String Objects
        • 7.3.2 Unicode Objects
        • 7.3.3 Buffer Objects
        • 7.3.4 Tuple Objects
        • 7.3.5 List Objects
      • 7.4 Mapping Objects
        • 7.4.1 Dictionary Objects
      • 7.5 Other Objects
        • 7.5.1 File Objects
        • 7.5.2 Instance Objects
        • 7.5.3 Method Objects
        • 7.5.4 Module Objects
        • 7.5.5 Iterator Objects
        • 7.5.6 Descriptor Objects
        • 7.5.7 Slice Objects
        • 7.5.8 Weak Reference Objects
        • 7.5.9 CObjects
        • 7.5.10 Cell Objects
        • 7.5.11 Generator Objects
        • 7.5.12 DateTime Objects
    • 8. Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
      • 8.1 Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock
      • 8.2 Profiling and Tracing
      • 8.3 Advanced Debugger Support
    • 9. Memory Management
      • 9.1 Overview
      • 9.2 Memory Interface
      • 9.3 Examples
    • 10. Object Implementation Support
      • 10.1 Allocating Objects on the Heap
      • 10.2 Common Object Structures
      • 10.3 Type Objects
      • 10.4 Mapping Object Structures
      • 10.5 Number Object Structures
      • 10.6 Sequence Object Structures
      • 10.7 Buffer Object Structures
      • 10.8 Supporting the Iterator Protocol
      • 10.9 Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection
    • A. Reporting Bugs
    • B. History and License
      • B.1 History of the software
      • B.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
      • B.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
        • B.3.1 Mersenne Twister
        • B.3.2 Sockets
        • B.3.3 Floating point exception control
        • B.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
        • B.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
        • B.3.6 Cookie management
        • B.3.7 Profiling
        • B.3.8 Execution tracing
        • B.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
        • B.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
    • Index
  • Documenting Python
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Directory Structure
    • 3 Style Guide
    • 4 LaTeX Primer
      • 4.1 Syntax
      • 4.2 Hierarchical Structure
      • 4.3 Common Environments
    • 5 Document Classes
    • 6 Special Markup Constructs
      • 6.1 Markup for the Preamble
      • 6.2 Meta-information Markup
      • 6.3 Information Units
      • 6.4 Showing Code Examples
      • 6.5 Inline Markup
      • 6.6 Miscellaneous Text Markup
      • 6.7 Module-specific Markup
      • 6.8 Library-level Markup
      • 6.9 Table Markup
      • 6.10 Reference List Markup
      • 6.11 Index-generating Markup
      • 6.12 Grammar Production Displays
      • 6.13 Graphical Interface Components
    • 7 Processing Tools
      • 7.1 External Tools
      • 7.2 Internal Tools
      • 7.3 Working on Cygwin
    • 8 Including Graphics
    • 9 Future Directions
      • 9.1 Structured Documentation
      • 9.2 Discussion Forums
  • Installing Python Modules
    • 1 Introduction
      • 1.1 Best case: trivial installation
      • 1.2 The new standard: Distutils
    • 2 Standard Build and Install
      • 2.1 Platform variations
      • 2.2 Splitting the job up
      • 2.3 How building works
      • 2.4 How installation works
    • 3 Alternate Installation
      • 3.1 Alternate installation: the home scheme
      • 3.2 Alternate installation: Unix (the prefix scheme)
      • 3.3 Alternate installation: Windows (the prefix scheme)
    • 4 Custom Installation
      • 4.1 Modifying Python's Search Path
    • 5 Distutils Configuration Files
      • 5.1 Location and names of config files
      • 5.2 Syntax of config files
    • 6 Building Extensions: Tips and Tricks
      • 6.1 Tweaking compiler/linker flags
      • 6.2 Using non-Microsoft compilers on Windows
        • 6.2.1 Borland C++
        • 6.2.2 GNU C / Cygwin / MinGW
    • About this document ...
  • Distributing Python Modules
    • 1. An Introduction to Distutils
      • 1.1 Concepts & Terminology
      • 1.2 A Simple Example
      • 1.3 General Python terminology
      • 1.4 Distutils-specific terminology
    • 2. Writing the Setup Script
      • 2.1 Listing whole packages
      • 2.2 Listing individual modules
      • 2.3 Describing extension modules
        • 2.3.1 Extension names and packages
        • 2.3.2 Extension source files
        • 2.3.3 Preprocessor options
        • 2.3.4 Library options
        • 2.3.5 Other options
      • 2.4 Installing Scripts
      • 2.5 Installing Package Data
      • 2.6 Installing Additional Files
      • 2.7 Additional meta-data
      • 2.8 Debugging the setup script
    • 3. Writing the Setup Configuration File
    • 4. Creating a Source Distribution
      • 4.1 Specifying the files to distribute
      • 4.2 Manifest-related options
    • 5. Creating Built Distributions
      • 5.1 Creating dumb built distributions
      • 5.2 Creating RPM packages
      • 5.3 Creating Windows Installers
        • 5.3.1 The Postinstallation script
    • 6. Registering with the Package Index
    • 7. Examples
      • 7.1 Pure Python distribution (by module)
      • 7.2 Pure Python distribution (by package)
      • 7.3 Single extension module
    • 8. Extending Distutils
      • 8.1 Integrating new commands
    • 9. Command Reference
      • 9.1 Installing modules: the install command family
        • 9.1.1 install_data
        • 9.1.2 install_scripts
      • 9.2 Creating a source distribution: the sdist command
    • 10. API Reference
      • 10.1 distutils.core -- Core Distutils functionality
      • 10.2 distutils.ccompiler -- CCompiler base class
      • 10.3 distutils.unixccompiler -- Unix C Compiler
      • 10.4 distutils.msvccompiler -- Microsoft Compiler
      • 10.5 distutils.bcppcompiler -- Borland Compiler
      • 10.6 distutils.cygwincompiler -- Cygwin Compiler
      • 10.7 distutils.emxccompiler -- OS/2 EMX Compiler
      • 10.8 distutils.mwerkscompiler -- Metrowerks CodeWarrior support
      • 10.9 distutils.archive_util -- Archiving utilities
      • 10.10 distutils.dep_util -- Dependency checking
      • 10.11 distutils.dir_util -- Directory tree operations
      • 10.12 distutils.file_util -- Single file operations
      • 10.13 distutils.util -- Miscellaneous other utility functions
      • 10.14 distutils.dist -- The Distribution class
      • 10.15 distutils.extension -- The Extension class
      • 10.16 distutils.debug -- Distutils debug mode
      • 10.17 distutils.errors -- Distutils exceptions
      • 10.18 distutils.fancy_getopt -- Wrapper around the standard getopt module
      • 10.19 distutils.filelist -- The FileList class
      • 10.20 distutils.log -- Simple PEP 282-style logging
      • 10.21 distutils.spawn -- Spawn a sub-process
      • 10.22 distutils.sysconfig -- System configuration information
      • 10.23 distutils.text_file -- The TextFile class
      • 10.24 distutils.version -- Version number classes
      • 10.25 distutils.cmd -- Abstract base class for Distutils commands
      • 10.26 distutils.command -- Individual Distutils commands
      • 10.27 distutils.command.bdist -- Build a binary installer
      • 10.28 distutils.command.bdist_packager -- Abstract base class for packagers
      • 10.29 distutils.command.bdist_dumb -- Build a ``dumb'' installer
      • 10.30 distutils.command.bdist_rpm -- Build a binary distribution as a Redhat RPM and SRPM
      • 10.31 distutils.command.bdist_wininst -- Build a Windows installer
      • 10.32 distutils.command.sdist -- Build a source distribution
      • 10.33 distutils.command.build -- Build all files of a package
      • 10.34 distutils.command.build_clib -- Build any C libraries in a package
      • 10.35 distutils.command.build_ext -- Build any extensions in a package
      • 10.36 distutils.command.build_py -- Build the .py/.pyc files of a package
      • 10.37 distutils.command.build_scripts -- Build the scripts of a package
      • 10.38 distutils.command.clean -- Clean a package build area
      • 10.39 distutils.command.config -- Perform package configuration
      • 10.40 distutils.command.install -- Install a package
      • 10.41 distutils.command.install_data -- Install data files from a package
      • 10.42 distutils.command.install_headers -- Install C/C++ header files from a package
      • 10.43 distutils.command.install_lib -- Install library files from a package
      • 10.44 distutils.command.install_scripts -- Install script files from a package
      • 10.45 distutils.command.register -- Register a module with the Python Package Index
      • 10.46 Creating a new Distutils command
    • Module Index
    • Index
    • About this document ...

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