Core Enhancements

Run-time Loadable MPMs

Multiple MPMs can now be built as loadable modules at compile time. The MPM of choice can be configured at run time via LoadModule directive.

Event MPM

The Event MPM is no longer experimental but is now fully supported.

Asynchronous support

Better support for asynchronous read/write for supporting MPMs and platforms.

Per-module and per-directory LogLevel configuration

The LogLevel can now be configured per module and per directory. New levels trace1 to trace8 have been added above the debug log level.

Per-request configuration sections

<If>, <ElseIf>, and <Else> sections can be used to set the configuration based on per-request criteria.

General-purpose expression parser

A new expression parser allows to specify complex conditions using a common syntax in directives like SetEnvIfExpr, RewriteCond, Header, <If>, and others.

KeepAliveTimeout in milliseconds

It is now possible to specify KeepAliveTimeout in milliseconds.

NameVirtualHost directive

No longer needed and is now deprecated.

Override Configuration

The new AllowOverrideList directive allows more fine grained control which directives are allowed in .htaccess files.

Config file variables

It is now possible to Define variables in the configuration, allowing a clearer representation if the same value is used at many places in the configuration.

Reduced memory usage

Despite many new features, 2.4.x tends to use less memory than 2.2.x.

New Modules

mod_proxy_fcgi

FastCGI Protocol backend for mod_proxy

mod_proxy_scgi

SCGI Protocol backend for mod_proxy

mod_proxy_express

Provides dynamically configured mass reverse proxies for mod_proxy

mod_remoteip

Replaces the apparent client remote IP address and hostname for the request with the IP address list presented by a proxies or a load balancer via the request headers.

mod_heartmonitor, mod_lbmethod_heartbeat

Allow mod_proxy_balancer to base loadbalancing decisions on the number of active connections on the backend servers.

mod_proxy_html

Formerly a third-party module, this supports fixing of HTML links in a reverse proxy situation, where the backend generates URLs that are not valid for the proxy's clients.

mod_sed

An advanced replacement of mod_substitute, allows to edit the response body with the full power of sed.

mod_auth_form

Enables form-based authentication.

mod_session

Enables the use of session state for clients, using cookie or database storage.

mod_allowmethods

New module to restrict certain HTTP methods without interfering with authentication or authorization.

mod_lua

Embeds the Lua language into httpd, for configuration and small business logic functions. (Experimental)

mod_log_debug

Allows the addition of customizable debug logging at different phases of the request processing.

mod_buffer

Provides for buffering the input and output filter stacks

mod_data

Convert response body into an RFC2397 data URL

mod_ratelimit

Provides Bandwidth Rate Limiting for Clients

mod_request

Provides Filters to handle and make available HTTP request bodies

mod_reflector

Provides Reflection of a request body as a response via the output filter stack.

mod_slotmem_shm

Provides a Slot-based shared memory provider (ala the scoreboard).

mod_xml2enc

Formerly a third-party module, this supports internationalisation in libxml2-based (markup-aware) filter modules.

mod_macro (available since 2.4.5)

Provide macros within configuration files.

mod_proxy_wstunnel (available since 2.4.5)

Support web-socket tunnels.

mod_authnz_fcgi (available since 2.4.10)

Enable FastCGI authorizer applications to authenticate and/or authorize clients.

mod_http2 (available since 2.4.17)

Support for the HTTP/2 transport layer.

mod_proxy_hcheck (available since 2.4.21)

Support independent dynamic health checks for remote proxiy backend servers.

Module Enhancements

mod_ssl

mod_ssl can now be configured to use an OCSP server to check the validation status of a client certificate. The default responder is configurable, along with the decision on whether to prefer the responder designated in the client certificate itself.

mod_ssl now also supports OCSP stapling, where the server pro-actively obtains an OCSP verification of its certificate and transmits that to the client during the handshake.

mod_ssl can now be configured to share SSL Session data between servers through memcached

EC keys are now supported in addition to RSA and DSA.

Support for TLS-SRP (available in 2.4.4 and later).

mod_proxy

The ProxyPass directive is now most optimally configured within a Location or LocationMatch block, and offers a significant performance advantage over the traditional two-parameter syntax when present in large numbers.

The source address used for proxy requests is now configurable.

Support for Unix domain sockets to the backend (available in 2.4.7 and later).

mod_proxy_balancer

More runtime configuration changes for BalancerMembers via balancer-manager

Additional BalancerMembers can be added at runtime via balancer-manager

Runtime configuration of a subset of Balancer parameters

BalancerMembers can be set to 'Drain' so that they only respond to existing sticky sessions, allowing them to be taken gracefully offline.

Balancer settings can be persistent after restarts.

mod_cache

The mod_cache CACHE filter can be optionally inserted at a given point in the filter chain to provide fine control over caching.

mod_cache can now cache HEAD requests.

Where possible, mod_cache directives can now be set per directory, instead of per server.

The base URL of cached URLs can be customised, so that a cluster of caches can share the same endpoint URL prefix.

mod_cache is now capable of serving stale cached data when a backend is unavailable (error 5xx).

mod_cache can now insert HIT/MISS/REVALIDATE into an X-Cache header.

mod_include

Support for the 'onerror' attribute within an 'include' element, allowing an error document to be served on error instead of the default error string.

mod_cgi, mod_include, mod_isapi, ...

Translation of headers to environment variables is more strict than before to mitigate some possible cross-site-scripting attacks via header injection. Headers containing invalid characters (including underscores) are now silently dropped. Environment Variables in Apache has some pointers on how to work around broken legacy clients which require such headers. (This affects all modules which use these environment variables.)

mod_authz_core Authorization Logic Containers

Advanced authorization logic may now be specified using the Require directive and the related container directives, such as <RequireAll>.

mod_rewrite

mod_rewrite adds the [QSD] (Query String Discard) and [END] flags for RewriteRule to simplify common rewriting scenarios.

Adds the possibility to use complex boolean expressions in RewriteCond.

Allows the use of SQL queries as RewriteMap functions.

mod_ldap, mod_authnz_ldap

mod_authnz_ldap adds support for nested groups.

mod_ldap adds LDAPConnectionPoolTTL, LDAPTimeout, and other improvements in the handling of timeouts. This is especially useful for setups where a stateful firewall drops idle connections to the LDAP server.

mod_ldap adds LDAPLibraryDebug to log debug information provided by the used LDAP toolkit.

mod_info

mod_info can now dump the pre-parsed configuration to stdout during server startup.

mod_auth_basic

New generic mechanism to fake basic authentication (available in 2.4.5 and later).

Program Enhancements

fcgistarter

New FastCGI daemon starter utility

htcacheclean

Current cached URLs can now be listed, with optional metadata included.

Allow explicit deletion of individual cached URLs from the cache.

File sizes can now be rounded up to the given block size, making the size limits map more closely to the real size on disk.

Cache size can now be limited by the number of inodes, instead of or in addition to being limited by the size of the files on disk.

rotatelogs

May now create a link to the current log file.

May now invoke a custom post-rotate script.

htpasswd, htdbm

Support for the bcrypt algorithm (available in 2.4.4 and later).

Documentation

mod_rewrite

The mod_rewrite documentation has been rearranged and almost completely rewritten, with a focus on examples and common usage, as well as on showing you when other solutions are more appropriate. The Rewrite Guide is now a top-level section with much more detail and better organization.

mod_ssl

The mod_ssl documentation has been greatly enhanced, with more examples at the getting started level, in addition to the previous focus on technical details.

Caching Guide

The Caching Guide has been rewritten to properly distinguish between the RFC2616 HTTP/1.1 caching features provided by mod_cache, and the generic key/value caching provided by the socache interface, as well as to cover specialised caching provided by mechanisms such as mod_file_cache.

Module Developer Changes

Check Configuration Hook Added

A new hook, check_config, has been added which runs between the pre_config and open_logs hooks. It also runs before the test_config hook when the -t option is passed to httpd. The check_config hook allows modules to review interdependent configuration directive values and adjust them while messages can still be logged to the console. The user can thus be alerted to misconfiguration problems before the core open_logs hook function redirects console output to the error log.

Expression Parser Added

We now have a general-purpose expression parser, whose API is exposed in ap_expr.h. This is adapted from the expression parser previously implemented in mod_ssl.

Authorization Logic Containers

Authorization modules now register as a provider, via ap_register_auth_provider(), to support advanced authorization logic, such as <RequireAll>.

Small-Object Caching Interface

The ap_socache.h header exposes a provider-based interface for caching small data objects, based on the previous implementation of the mod_ssl session cache. Providers using a shared-memory cyclic buffer, disk-based dbm files, and a memcache distributed cache are currently supported.

Cache Status Hook Added

The mod_cache module now includes a new cache_status hook, which is called when the caching decision becomes known. A default implementation is provided which adds an optional X-Cache and X-Cache-Detail header to the response.

The developer documentation contains a detailed list of API changes.