Connection Pooling

This module manages database connections, in a manner optimised for the platform. On non-threaded platforms, it provides a persistent connection in the manner of classic LAMP (Linux, Apache, Mysql, Perl/PHP/Python). On threaded platform, it provides an altogether more scalable and efficient connection pool, as described in this article at ApacheTutor. Note that mod_dbd supersedes the modules presented in that article.

Connecting

To connect to your database, you'll need to specify a driver, and connection parameters. These vary from one database engine to another. For example, to connect to mysql, do the following:

DBDriver mysql
DBDParams host=localhost,dbname=pony,user=shetland,pass=appaloosa

You can then use this connection in a variety of other modules, including mod_rewrite, mod_authn_dbd, and mod_lua. Further usage examples appear in each of those modules' documentation.

See DBDParams for connection string information for each of the supported database drivers.

Apache DBD API

mod_dbd exports five functions for other modules to use. The API is as follows:

typedef struct {
    apr_dbd_t *handle;
    apr_dbd_driver_t *driver;
    apr_hash_t *prepared;
} ap_dbd_t;

/* Export functions to access the database */

/* acquire a connection that MUST be explicitly closed.
 * Returns NULL on error
 */
AP_DECLARE(ap_dbd_t*) ap_dbd_open(apr_pool_t*, server_rec*);

/* release a connection acquired with ap_dbd_open */
AP_DECLARE(void) ap_dbd_close(server_rec*, ap_dbd_t*);

/* acquire a connection that will have the lifetime of a request
 * and MUST NOT be explicitly closed.  Return NULL on error.
 * This is the preferred function for most applications.
 */
AP_DECLARE(ap_dbd_t*) ap_dbd_acquire(request_rec*);

/* acquire a connection that will have the lifetime of a connection
 * and MUST NOT be explicitly closed.  Return NULL on error.
 */
AP_DECLARE(ap_dbd_t*) ap_dbd_cacquire(conn_rec*);

/* Prepare a statement for use by a client module */
AP_DECLARE(void) ap_dbd_prepare(server_rec*, const char*, const char*);

/* Also export them as optional functions for modules that prefer it */
APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(ap_dbd_t*, ap_dbd_open, (apr_pool_t*, server_rec*));
APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(void, ap_dbd_close, (server_rec*, ap_dbd_t*));
APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(ap_dbd_t*, ap_dbd_acquire, (request_rec*));
APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(ap_dbd_t*, ap_dbd_cacquire, (conn_rec*));
APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(void, ap_dbd_prepare, (server_rec*, const char*, const char*));

SQL Prepared Statements

mod_dbd supports SQL prepared statements on behalf of modules that may wish to use them. Each prepared statement must be assigned a name (label), and they are stored in a hash: the prepared field of an ap_dbd_t. Hash entries are of type apr_dbd_prepared_t and can be used in any of the apr_dbd prepared statement SQL query or select commands.

It is up to dbd user modules to use the prepared statements and document what statements can be specified in httpd.conf, or to provide their own directives and use ap_dbd_prepare.

SECURITY WARNING

Any web/database application needs to secure itself against SQL injection attacks. In most cases, Apache DBD is safe, because applications use prepared statements, and untrusted inputs are only ever used as data. Of course, if you use it via third-party modules, you should ascertain what precautions they may require.

However, the FreeTDS driver is inherently unsafe. The underlying library doesn't support prepared statements, so the driver emulates them, and the untrusted input is merged into the SQL statement.

It can be made safe by untainting all inputs: a process inspired by Perl's taint checking. Each input is matched against a regexp, and only the match is used, according to the Perl idiom:

  $untrusted =~ /([a-z]+)/;
  $trusted = $1;

To use this, the untainting regexps must be included in the prepared statements configured. The regexp follows immediately after the % in the prepared statement, and is enclosed in curly brackets {}. For example, if your application expects alphanumeric input, you can use:

with other drivers, and suffer nothing worse than a failed query. But with FreeTDS you'd need:

Now anything that doesn't match the regexp's $1 match is discarded, so the statement is safe.

An alternative to this may be the third-party ODBC driver, which offers the security of genuine prepared statements.

DBDExptime Directive

Set the time to keep idle connections alive when the number of connections specified in DBDKeep has been exceeded (threaded platforms only).

DBDInitSQL Directive

Modules, that wish it, can have one or more SQL statements executed when a connection to a database is created. Example usage could be initializing certain values or adding a log entry when a new connection is made to the database.

DBDKeep Directive

Set the maximum number of connections per process to be sustained, other than for handling peak demand (threaded platforms only).

DBDMax Directive

Set the hard maximum number of connections per process (threaded platforms only).

DBDMin Directive

Set the minimum number of connections per process (threaded platforms only).

DBDParams Directive

As required by the underlying driver. Typically this will be used to pass whatever cannot be defaulted amongst username, password, database name, hostname and port number for connection.

Connection string parameters for current drivers include:

FreeTDS (for MSSQL and SyBase)

username, password, appname, dbname, host, charset, lang, server

MySQL

host, port, user, pass, dbname, sock, flags, fldsz, group, reconnect

Oracle

user, pass, dbname, server

PostgreSQL

The connection string is passed straight through to PQconnectdb

SQLite2

The connection string is split on a colon, and part1:part2 is used as sqlite_open(part1, atoi(part2), NULL)

SQLite3

The connection string is passed straight through to sqlite3_open

ODBC

datasource, user, password, connect, ctimeout, stimeout, access, txmode, bufsize

DBDPersist Directive

If set to Off, persistent and pooled connections are disabled. A new database connection is opened when requested by a client, and closed immediately on release. This option is for debugging and low-usage servers.

The default is to enable a pool of persistent connections (or a single LAMP-style persistent connection in the case of a non-threaded server), and should almost always be used in operation.

Prior to version 2.2.2, this directive accepted only the values 0 and 1 instead of Off and On, respectively.

DBDPrepareSQL Directive

For modules such as authentication that repeatedly use a single SQL statement, optimum performance is achieved by preparing the statement at startup rather than every time it is used. This directive prepares an SQL statement and assigns it a label.

DBDriver Directive

Selects an apr_dbd driver by name. The driver must be installed on your system (on most systems, it will be a shared object or dll). For example, DBDriver mysql will select the MySQL driver in apr_dbd_mysql.so.