src/pkg/math/exp.go - The Go Programming Language

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Source file src/pkg/math/exp.go

     1	// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
     2	// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
     3	// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
     4	
     5	package math
     6	
     7	// Exp returns e**x, the base-e exponential of x.
     8	//
     9	// Special cases are:
    10	//	Exp(+Inf) = +Inf
    11	//	Exp(NaN) = NaN
    12	// Very large values overflow to 0 or +Inf.
    13	// Very small values underflow to 1.
    14	func Exp(x float64) float64
    15	
    16	// The original C code, the long comment, and the constants
    17	// below are from FreeBSD's /usr/src/lib/msun/src/e_exp.c
    18	// and came with this notice.  The go code is a simplified
    19	// version of the original C.
    20	//
    21	// ====================================================
    22	// Copyright (C) 2004 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
    23	//
    24	// Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
    25	// software is freely granted, provided that this notice
    26	// is preserved.
    27	// ====================================================
    28	//
    29	//
    30	// exp(x)
    31	// Returns the exponential of x.
    32	//
    33	// Method
    34	//   1. Argument reduction:
    35	//      Reduce x to an r so that |r| <= 0.5*ln2 ~ 0.34658.
    36	//      Given x, find r and integer k such that
    37	//
    38	//               x = k*ln2 + r,  |r| <= 0.5*ln2.
    39	//
    40	//      Here r will be represented as r = hi-lo for better
    41	//      accuracy.
    42	//
    43	//   2. Approximation of exp(r) by a special rational function on
    44	//      the interval [0,0.34658]:
    45	//      Write
    46	//          R(r**2) = r*(exp(r)+1)/(exp(r)-1) = 2 + r*r/6 - r**4/360 + ...
    47	//      We use a special Remes algorithm on [0,0.34658] to generate
    48	//      a polynomial of degree 5 to approximate R. The maximum error
    49	//      of this polynomial approximation is bounded by 2**-59. In
    50	//      other words,
    51	//          R(z) ~ 2.0 + P1*z + P2*z**2 + P3*z**3 + P4*z**4 + P5*z**5
    52	//      (where z=r*r, and the values of P1 to P5 are listed below)
    53	//      and
    54	//          |                  5          |     -59
    55	//          | 2.0+P1*z+...+P5*z   -  R(z) | <= 2
    56	//          |                             |
    57	//      The computation of exp(r) thus becomes
    58	//                             2*r
    59	//              exp(r) = 1 + -------
    60	//                            R - r
    61	//                                 r*R1(r)
    62	//                     = 1 + r + ----------- (for better accuracy)
    63	//                                2 - R1(r)
    64	//      where
    65	//                               2       4             10
    66	//              R1(r) = r - (P1*r  + P2*r  + ... + P5*r   ).
    67	//
    68	//   3. Scale back to obtain exp(x):
    69	//      From step 1, we have
    70	//         exp(x) = 2**k * exp(r)
    71	//
    72	// Special cases:
    73	//      exp(INF) is INF, exp(NaN) is NaN;
    74	//      exp(-INF) is 0, and
    75	//      for finite argument, only exp(0)=1 is exact.
    76	//
    77	// Accuracy:
    78	//      according to an error analysis, the error is always less than
    79	//      1 ulp (unit in the last place).
    80	//
    81	// Misc. info.
    82	//      For IEEE double
    83	//          if x >  7.09782712893383973096e+02 then exp(x) overflow
    84	//          if x < -7.45133219101941108420e+02 then exp(x) underflow
    85	//
    86	// Constants:
    87	// The hexadecimal values are the intended ones for the following
    88	// constants. The decimal values may be used, provided that the
    89	// compiler will convert from decimal to binary accurately enough
    90	// to produce the hexadecimal values shown.
    91	
    92	func exp(x float64) float64 {
    93		const (
    94			Ln2Hi = 6.93147180369123816490e-01
    95			Ln2Lo = 1.90821492927058770002e-10
    96			Log2e = 1.44269504088896338700e+00
    97	
    98			Overflow  = 7.09782712893383973096e+02
    99			Underflow = -7.45133219101941108420e+02
   100			NearZero  = 1.0 / (1 << 28) // 2**-28
   101		)
   102	
   103		// special cases
   104		switch {
   105		case IsNaN(x) || IsInf(x, 1):
   106			return x
   107		case IsInf(x, -1):
   108			return 0
   109		case x > Overflow:
   110			return Inf(1)
   111		case x < Underflow:
   112			return 0
   113		case -NearZero < x && x < NearZero:
   114			return 1 + x
   115		}
   116	
   117		// reduce; computed as r = hi - lo for extra precision.
   118		var k int
   119		switch {
   120		case x < 0:
   121			k = int(Log2e*x - 0.5)
   122		case x > 0:
   123			k = int(Log2e*x + 0.5)
   124		}
   125		hi := x - float64(k)*Ln2Hi
   126		lo := float64(k) * Ln2Lo
   127	
   128		// compute
   129		return expmulti(hi, lo, k)
   130	}
   131	
   132	// Exp2 returns 2**x, the base-2 exponential of x.
   133	//
   134	// Special cases are the same as Exp.
   135	func Exp2(x float64) float64
   136	
   137	func exp2(x float64) float64 {
   138		const (
   139			Ln2Hi = 6.93147180369123816490e-01
   140			Ln2Lo = 1.90821492927058770002e-10
   141	
   142			Overflow  = 1.0239999999999999e+03
   143			Underflow = -1.0740e+03
   144		)
   145	
   146		// special cases
   147		switch {
   148		case IsNaN(x) || IsInf(x, 1):
   149			return x
   150		case IsInf(x, -1):
   151			return 0
   152		case x > Overflow:
   153			return Inf(1)
   154		case x < Underflow:
   155			return 0
   156		}
   157	
   158		// argument reduction; x = r×lg(e) + k with |r| ≤ ln(2)/2.
   159		// computed as r = hi - lo for extra precision.
   160		var k int
   161		switch {
   162		case x > 0:
   163			k = int(x + 0.5)
   164		case x < 0:
   165			k = int(x - 0.5)
   166		}
   167		t := x - float64(k)
   168		hi := t * Ln2Hi
   169		lo := -t * Ln2Lo
   170	
   171		// compute
   172		return expmulti(hi, lo, k)
   173	}
   174	
   175	// exp1 returns e**r × 2**k where r = hi - lo and |r| ≤ ln(2)/2.
   176	func expmulti(hi, lo float64, k int) float64 {
   177		const (
   178			P1 = 1.66666666666666019037e-01  /* 0x3FC55555; 0x5555553E */
   179			P2 = -2.77777777770155933842e-03 /* 0xBF66C16C; 0x16BEBD93 */
   180			P3 = 6.61375632143793436117e-05  /* 0x3F11566A; 0xAF25DE2C */
   181			P4 = -1.65339022054652515390e-06 /* 0xBEBBBD41; 0xC5D26BF1 */
   182			P5 = 4.13813679705723846039e-08  /* 0x3E663769; 0x72BEA4D0 */
   183		)
   184	
   185		r := hi - lo
   186		t := r * r
   187		c := r - t*(P1+t*(P2+t*(P3+t*(P4+t*P5))))
   188		y := 1 - ((lo - (r*c)/(2-c)) - hi)
   189		// TODO(rsc): make sure Ldexp can handle boundary k
   190		return Ldexp(y, k)
   191	}