Operators

In this chapter we will introduce the operators provided by the Ring programming langauge.

Arithmetic Operators

The next table presents all of the arithmetic operators provided by the Ring language. Assume variable X=50 and variable Y=10 then:

Operator Description Example Result
+ Add x+y 60
- Subtract x-y 40
* Multiplies x*y 500
/ Divide x/y 5
% Modulus x%y 0
++ Increment x++ 51
- - Decrement x- - 49

Relational Operators

The next table presents all of the relational operators provided by the Ring language. Assume variable X=50 and variable Y=10 then:

Operator Description Example Result
= Equal x = y False
!= Not Equal x != y True
> Greater than x > y True
< Less than x < y False
>= Greater or Equal x >= y True
<= Less than or Equal x <= y False

Logical Operators

The next table presents all of the logical operators provided by the Ring language. Assume variable X=True and variable Y=False then:

Operator Description Example Result
and Logical AND x and y False
or Logical OR x or y True
not Logical Not not x False

Another style

Operator Description Example Result
&& Logical AND x && y False
|| Logical OR x || y True
! Logical Not ! x False

Bitwise Operators

The next table presents all of the bitwise operators provided by the Ring language. Assume variable X=8 and variable Y=2 then:

Operator Description Example Result
& Binary AND x & y 0
| Binary OR x | y 10
^ Binary XOR x ^ y 10
~ Binary Ones Complement ~x -9
<< Binary Left Shift x << y 32
>> Binary Right Shift x >> y 2

Assignment Operators

The next table presents all of the assignment operators provided by the Ring language.

Assume variable X=8 then:

Operator Description Example Result
= Assignment x = 10 x=10
+= Add AND assignment x += 5 x=13
-= Subtract AND assignment x -= 3 x=5
*= Multiply AND assignment x *= 2 x=16
/= Divide AND assignment x /= 3 x=2.67
%= Modulus AND assignment x %= 2 x=0
<<= Left shift AND assignment x <<= 2 x=32
>>= Right shift AND assignment x >>= 2 x=2
&= Bitwise AND assignment x &= 4 x=0
|= Bitwise OR and assignment x |= 3 x=11
^= Bitwise XOR and assignment x ^= 4 x=12

Misc Operators

Operator Description
:literal using : before identifier mean literal
Start:End create list contains items from start to end
[list items] define list items
list[index] access list item
obj.name using the dot operator to access object members (attributes/methods).
obj {stmts} execute statements with direct access to object attributes & methods
func(para,...) call function using parameters separated by comma
? <expr> Print expression then new line

Operators Precedence

The next table present operators from higher precedence (Evaluated first) to lower precedence.

Operator
. [] () {}
- ~ :Literal [list items]
++ - -
Start:End
* / %
+ -
<< >>
&
| ^
< > <= >=
= !=
not !
and or && ||
Assignment = += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |=
?

Example:

See 3+5*4       # prints 23