1. Command line and environment
The CPython interpreter scans the command line and the environment for various settings.
CPython implementation detail: Other implementations’ command line schemes may differ. See Alternate Implementations for further resources.
1.1. Command line
When invoking Python, you may specify any of these options:
python [-bBdEhiIOqsSuvVWx?] [-c command | -m module-name | script | - ] [args]
The most common use case is, of course, a simple invocation of a script:
python myscript.py
1.1.1. Interface options
The interpreter interface resembles that of the UNIX shell, but provides some additional methods of invocation:
- When called with standard input connected to a tty device, it prompts for commands and executes them until an EOF (an end-of-file character, you can produce that with Ctrl-D on UNIX or Ctrl-Z, Enter on Windows) is read.
- When called with a file name argument or with a file as standard input, it reads and executes a script from that file.
- When called with a directory name argument, it reads and executes an appropriately named script from that directory.
- When called with
-c command
, it executes the Python statement(s) given as command. Here command may contain multiple statements separated by newlines. Leading whitespace is significant in Python statements! - When called with
-m module-name
, the given module is located on the Python module path and executed as a script.
In non-interactive mode, the entire input is parsed before it is executed.
An interface option terminates the list of options consumed by the interpreter,
all consecutive arguments will end up in sys.argv
– note that the first
element, subscript zero (sys.argv[0]
), is a string reflecting the program’s
source.
-
-c
<command>
Execute the Python code in command. command can be one or more statements separated by newlines, with significant leading whitespace as in normal module code.
If this option is given, the first element of
sys.argv
will be"-c"
and the current directory will be added to the start ofsys.path
(allowing modules in that directory to be imported as top level modules).
-
-m
<module-name>
Search
sys.path
for the named module and execute its contents as the__main__
module.Since the argument is a module name, you must not give a file extension (
.py
). The module name should be a valid absolute Python module name, but the implementation may not always enforce this (e.g. it may allow you to use a name that includes a hyphen).Package names (including namespace packages) are also permitted. When a package name is supplied instead of a normal module, the interpreter will execute
<pkg>.__main__
as the main module. This behaviour is deliberately similar to the handling of directories and zipfiles that are passed to the interpreter as the script argument.Note
This option cannot be used with built-in modules and extension modules written in C, since they do not have Python module files. However, it can still be used for precompiled modules, even if the original source file is not available.
If this option is given, the first element of
sys.argv
will be the full path to the module file (while the module file is being located, the first element will be set to"-m"
). As with the-c
option, the current directory will be added to the start ofsys.path
.Many standard library modules contain code that is invoked on their execution as a script. An example is the
timeit
module:python -mtimeit -s 'setup here' 'benchmarked code here' python -mtimeit -h # for details
See also
runpy.run_module()
- Equivalent functionality directly available to Python code
PEP 338 – Executing modules as scripts
Changed in version 3.1: Supply the package name to run a
__main__
submodule.Changed in version 3.4: namespace packages are also supported
-
-
Read commands from standard input (
sys.stdin
). If standard input is a terminal,-i
is implied.If this option is given, the first element of
sys.argv
will be"-"
and the current directory will be added to the start ofsys.path
.
-
<script>
Execute the Python code contained in script, which must be a filesystem path (absolute or relative) referring to either a Python file, a directory containing a
__main__.py
file, or a zipfile containing a__main__.py
file.If this option is given, the first element of
sys.argv
will be the script name as given on the command line.If the script name refers directly to a Python file, the directory containing that file is added to the start of
sys.path
, and the file is executed as the__main__
module.If the script name refers to a directory or zipfile, the script name is added to the start of
sys.path
and the__main__.py
file in that location is executed as the__main__
module.See also
runpy.run_path()
- Equivalent functionality directly available to Python code
If no interface option is given, -i
is implied, sys.argv[0]
is
an empty string (""
) and the current directory will be added to the
start of sys.path
. Also, tab-completion and history editing is
automatically enabled, if available on your platform (see
Readline configuration).
See also
Changed in version 3.4: Automatic enabling of tab-completion and history editing.
1.1.2. Generic options
-
-?
-
-h
-
--help
Print a short description of all command line options.
-
-V
-
--version
Print the Python version number and exit. Example output could be:
Python 3.7.0b2+
When given twice, print more information about the build, like:
Python 3.7.0b2+ (3.7:0c076caaa8, Sep 22 2018, 12:04:24) [GCC 6.2.0 20161005]
New in version 3.6: The
-VV
option.
1.1.3. Miscellaneous options
-
-b
Issue a warning when comparing
bytes
orbytearray
withstr
orbytes
withint
. Issue an error when the option is given twice (-bb
).
-
-B
If given, Python won’t try to write
.pyc
files on the import of source modules. See alsoPYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE
.
-
--check-hash-based-pycs
default|always|never
Control the validation behavior of hash-based
.pyc
files. See Cached bytecode invalidation. When set todefault
, checked and unchecked hash-based bytecode cache files are validated according to their default semantics. When set toalways
, all hash-based.pyc
files, whether checked or unchecked, are validated against their corresponding source file. When set tonever
, hash-based.pyc
files are not validated against their corresponding source files.The semantics of timestamp-based
.pyc
files are unaffected by this option.
-
-d
Turn on parser debugging output (for expert only, depending on compilation options). See also
PYTHONDEBUG
.
-
-E
Ignore all
PYTHON*
environment variables, e.g.PYTHONPATH
andPYTHONHOME
, that might be set.
-
-i
When a script is passed as first argument or the
-c
option is used, enter interactive mode after executing the script or the command, even whensys.stdin
does not appear to be a terminal. ThePYTHONSTARTUP
file is not read.This can be useful to inspect global variables or a stack trace when a script raises an exception. See also
PYTHONINSPECT
.
-
-I
Run Python in isolated mode. This also implies -E and -s. In isolated mode
sys.path
contains neither the script’s directory nor the user’s site-packages directory. AllPYTHON*
environment variables are ignored, too. Further restrictions may be imposed to prevent the user from injecting malicious code.New in version 3.4.
-
-O
Remove assert statements and any code conditional on the value of
__debug__
. Augment the filename for compiled (bytecode) files by adding.opt-1
before the.pyc
extension (see PEP 488). See alsoPYTHONOPTIMIZE
.Changed in version 3.5: Modify
.pyc
filenames according to PEP 488.
-
-OO
Do
-O
and also discard docstrings. Augment the filename for compiled (bytecode) files by adding.opt-2
before the.pyc
extension (see PEP 488).Changed in version 3.5: Modify
.pyc
filenames according to PEP 488.
-
-q
Don’t display the copyright and version messages even in interactive mode.
New in version 3.2.
-
-R
Turn on hash randomization. This option only has an effect if the
PYTHONHASHSEED
environment variable is set to0
, since hash randomization is enabled by default.On previous versions of Python, this option turns on hash randomization, so that the
__hash__()
values of str, bytes and datetime are “salted” with an unpredictable random value. Although they remain constant within an individual Python process, they are not predictable between repeated invocations of Python.Hash randomization is intended to provide protection against a denial-of-service caused by carefully-chosen inputs that exploit the worst case performance of a dict construction, O(n^2) complexity. See http://www.ocert.org/advisories/ocert-2011-003.html for details.
PYTHONHASHSEED
allows you to set a fixed value for the hash seed secret.Changed in version 3.7: The option is no longer ignored.
New in version 3.2.3.
-
-s
Don’t add the
user site-packages directory
tosys.path
.See also
PEP 370 – Per user site-packages directory
-
-S
Disable the import of the module
site
and the site-dependent manipulations ofsys.path
that it entails. Also disable these manipulations ifsite
is explicitly imported later (callsite.main()
if you want them to be triggered).
-
-u
Force the stdout and stderr streams to be unbuffered. This option has no effect on the stdin stream.
See also
PYTHONUNBUFFERED
.Changed in version 3.7: The text layer of the stdout and stderr streams now is unbuffered.
-
-v
Print a message each time a module is initialized, showing the place (filename or built-in module) from which it is loaded. When given twice (
-vv
), print a message for each file that is checked for when searching for a module. Also provides information on module cleanup at exit. See alsoPYTHONVERBOSE
.
-
-W
arg
Warning control. Python’s warning machinery by default prints warning messages to
sys.stderr
. A typical warning message has the following form:file:line: category: message
By default, each warning is printed once for each source line where it occurs. This option controls how often warnings are printed.
Multiple
-W
options may be given; when a warning matches more than one option, the action for the last matching option is performed. Invalid-W
options are ignored (though, a warning message is printed about invalid options when the first warning is issued).Warnings can also be controlled using the
PYTHONWARNINGS
environment variable and from within a Python program using thewarnings
module.The simplest settings apply a particular action unconditionally to all warnings emitted by a process (even those that are otherwise ignored by default):
-Wdefault # Warn once per call location -Werror # Convert to exceptions -Walways # Warn every time -Wmodule # Warn once per calling module -Wonce # Warn once per Python process -Wignore # Never warn
The action names can be abbreviated as desired (e.g.
-Wi
,-Wd
,-Wa
,-We
) and the interpreter will resolve them to the appropriate action name.See The Warnings Filter and Describing Warning Filters for more details.
-
-x
Skip the first line of the source, allowing use of non-Unix forms of
#!cmd
. This is intended for a DOS specific hack only.
-
-X
Reserved for various implementation-specific options. CPython currently defines the following possible values:
-X faulthandler
to enablefaulthandler
;-X showrefcount
to output the total reference count and number of used memory blocks when the program finishes or after each statement in the interactive interpreter. This only works on debug builds.-X tracemalloc
to start tracing Python memory allocations using thetracemalloc
module. By default, only the most recent frame is stored in a traceback of a trace. Use-X tracemalloc=NFRAME
to start tracing with a traceback limit of NFRAME frames. See thetracemalloc.start()
for more information.-X showalloccount
to output the total count of allocated objects for each type when the program finishes. This only works when Python was built withCOUNT_ALLOCS
defined.-X importtime
to show how long each import takes. It shows module name, cumulative time (including nested imports) and self time (excluding nested imports). Note that its output may be broken in multi-threaded application. Typical usage ispython3 -X importtime -c 'import asyncio'
. See alsoPYTHONPROFILEIMPORTTIME
.-X dev
: enable CPython’s “development mode”, introducing additional runtime checks which are too expensive to be enabled by default. It should not be more verbose than the default if the code is correct: new warnings are only emitted when an issue is detected. Effect of the developer mode:- Add
default
warning filter, as-W
default
. - Install debug hooks on memory allocators: see the
PyMem_SetupDebugHooks()
C function. - Enable the
faulthandler
module to dump the Python traceback on a crash. - Enable asyncio debug mode.
- Set the
dev_mode
attribute ofsys.flags
toTrue
- Add
-X utf8
enables UTF-8 mode for operating system interfaces, overriding the default locale-aware mode.-X utf8=0
explicitly disables UTF-8 mode (even when it would otherwise activate automatically). SeePYTHONUTF8
for more details.
It also allows passing arbitrary values and retrieving them through the
sys._xoptions
dictionary.Changed in version 3.2: The
-X
option was added.New in version 3.3: The
-X faulthandler
option.New in version 3.4: The
-X showrefcount
and-X tracemalloc
options.New in version 3.6: The
-X showalloccount
option.New in version 3.7: The
-X importtime
,-X dev
and-X utf8
options.
1.1.4. Options you shouldn’t use
-
-J
Reserved for use by Jython.
1.2. Environment variables
These environment variables influence Python’s behavior, they are processed before the command-line switches other than -E or -I. It is customary that command-line switches override environmental variables where there is a conflict.
-
PYTHONHOME
Change the location of the standard Python libraries. By default, the libraries are searched in
prefix/lib/pythonversion
andexec_prefix/lib/pythonversion
, whereprefix
andexec_prefix
are installation-dependent directories, both defaulting to/usr/local
.When
PYTHONHOME
is set to a single directory, its value replaces bothprefix
andexec_prefix
. To specify different values for these, setPYTHONHOME
toprefix:exec_prefix
.
-
PYTHONPATH
Augment the default search path for module files. The format is the same as the shell’s
PATH
: one or more directory pathnames separated byos.pathsep
(e.g. colons on Unix or semicolons on Windows). Non-existent directories are silently ignored.In addition to normal directories, individual
PYTHONPATH
entries may refer to zipfiles containing pure Python modules (in either source or compiled form). Extension modules cannot be imported from zipfiles.The default search path is installation dependent, but generally begins with
prefix/lib/pythonversion
(seePYTHONHOME
above). It is always appended toPYTHONPATH
.An additional directory will be inserted in the search path in front of
PYTHONPATH
as described above under Interface options. The search path can be manipulated from within a Python program as the variablesys.path
.
-
PYTHONSTARTUP
If this is the name of a readable file, the Python commands in that file are executed before the first prompt is displayed in interactive mode. The file is executed in the same namespace where interactive commands are executed so that objects defined or imported in it can be used without qualification in the interactive session. You can also change the prompts
sys.ps1
andsys.ps2
and the hooksys.__interactivehook__
in this file.
-
PYTHONOPTIMIZE
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the
-O
option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying-O
multiple times.
-
PYTHONBREAKPOINT
If this is set, it names a callable using dotted-path notation. The module containing the callable will be imported and then the callable will be run by the default implementation of
sys.breakpointhook()
which itself is called by built-inbreakpoint()
. If not set, or set to the empty string, it is equivalent to the value “pdb.set_trace”. Setting this to the string “0” causes the default implementation ofsys.breakpointhook()
to do nothing but return immediately.New in version 3.7.
-
PYTHONDEBUG
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the
-d
option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying-d
multiple times.
-
PYTHONINSPECT
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the
-i
option.This variable can also be modified by Python code using
os.environ
to force inspect mode on program termination.
-
PYTHONUNBUFFERED
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the
-u
option.
-
PYTHONVERBOSE
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the
-v
option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying-v
multiple times.
-
PYTHONCASEOK
If this is set, Python ignores case in
import
statements. This only works on Windows and OS X.
-
PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE
If this is set to a non-empty string, Python won’t try to write
.pyc
files on the import of source modules. This is equivalent to specifying the-B
option.
-
PYTHONHASHSEED
If this variable is not set or set to
random
, a random value is used to seed the hashes of str, bytes and datetime objects.If
PYTHONHASHSEED
is set to an integer value, it is used as a fixed seed for generating the hash() of the types covered by the hash randomization.Its purpose is to allow repeatable hashing, such as for selftests for the interpreter itself, or to allow a cluster of python processes to share hash values.
The integer must be a decimal number in the range [0,4294967295]. Specifying the value 0 will disable hash randomization.
New in version 3.2.3.
-
PYTHONIOENCODING
If this is set before running the interpreter, it overrides the encoding used for stdin/stdout/stderr, in the syntax
encodingname:errorhandler
. Both theencodingname
and the:errorhandler
parts are optional and have the same meaning as instr.encode()
.For stderr, the
:errorhandler
part is ignored; the handler will always be'backslashreplace'
.Changed in version 3.4: The
encodingname
part is now optional.Changed in version 3.6: On Windows, the encoding specified by this variable is ignored for interactive console buffers unless
PYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSSTDIO
is also specified. Files and pipes redirected through the standard streams are not affected.
-
PYTHONNOUSERSITE
If this is set, Python won’t add the
user site-packages directory
tosys.path
.See also
PEP 370 – Per user site-packages directory
-
PYTHONUSERBASE
Defines the
user base directory
, which is used to compute the path of theuser site-packages directory
and Distutils installation paths forpython setup.py install --user
.See also
PEP 370 – Per user site-packages directory
-
PYTHONEXECUTABLE
If this environment variable is set,
sys.argv[0]
will be set to its value instead of the value got through the C runtime. Only works on Mac OS X.
-
PYTHONWARNINGS
This is equivalent to the
-W
option. If set to a comma separated string, it is equivalent to specifying-W
multiple times, with filters later in the list taking precedence over those earlier in the list.The simplest settings apply a particular action unconditionally to all warnings emitted by a process (even those that are otherwise ignored by default):
PYTHONWARNINGS=default # Warn once per call location PYTHONWARNINGS=error # Convert to exceptions PYTHONWARNINGS=always # Warn every time PYTHONWARNINGS=module # Warn once per calling module PYTHONWARNINGS=once # Warn once per Python process PYTHONWARNINGS=ignore # Never warn
See The Warnings Filter and Describing Warning Filters for more details.
-
PYTHONFAULTHANDLER
If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string,
faulthandler.enable()
is called at startup: install a handler forSIGSEGV
,SIGFPE
,SIGABRT
,SIGBUS
andSIGILL
signals to dump the Python traceback. This is equivalent to-X
faulthandler
option.New in version 3.3.
-
PYTHONTRACEMALLOC
If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, start tracing Python memory allocations using the
tracemalloc
module. The value of the variable is the maximum number of frames stored in a traceback of a trace. For example,PYTHONTRACEMALLOC=1
stores only the most recent frame. See thetracemalloc.start()
for more information.New in version 3.4.
-
PYTHONPROFILEIMPORTTIME
If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, Python will show how long each import takes. This is exactly equivalent to setting
-X importtime
on the command line.New in version 3.7.
-
PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG
If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, enable the debug mode of the
asyncio
module.New in version 3.4.
-
PYTHONMALLOC
Set the Python memory allocators and/or install debug hooks.
Set the family of memory allocators used by Python:
default
: use the default memory allocators.malloc
: use themalloc()
function of the C library for all domains (PYMEM_DOMAIN_RAW
,PYMEM_DOMAIN_MEM
,PYMEM_DOMAIN_OBJ
).pymalloc
: use the pymalloc allocator forPYMEM_DOMAIN_MEM
andPYMEM_DOMAIN_OBJ
domains and use themalloc()
function for thePYMEM_DOMAIN_RAW
domain.
Install debug hooks:
debug
: install debug hooks on top of the default memory allocators.malloc_debug
: same asmalloc
but also install debug hookspymalloc_debug
: same aspymalloc
but also install debug hooks
See the default memory allocators and the
PyMem_SetupDebugHooks()
function (install debug hooks on Python memory allocators).Changed in version 3.7: Added the
"default"
allocator.New in version 3.6.
-
PYTHONMALLOCSTATS
If set to a non-empty string, Python will print statistics of the pymalloc memory allocator every time a new pymalloc object arena is created, and on shutdown.
This variable is ignored if the
PYTHONMALLOC
environment variable is used to force themalloc()
allocator of the C library, or if Python is configured withoutpymalloc
support.Changed in version 3.6: This variable can now also be used on Python compiled in release mode. It now has no effect if set to an empty string.
-
PYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSFSENCODING
If set to a non-empty string, the default filesystem encoding and errors mode will revert to their pre-3.6 values of ‘mbcs’ and ‘replace’, respectively. Otherwise, the new defaults ‘utf-8’ and ‘surrogatepass’ are used.
This may also be enabled at runtime with
sys._enablelegacywindowsfsencoding()
.Availability: Windows.
New in version 3.6: See PEP 529 for more details.
-
PYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSSTDIO
If set to a non-empty string, does not use the new console reader and writer. This means that Unicode characters will be encoded according to the active console code page, rather than using utf-8.
This variable is ignored if the standard streams are redirected (to files or pipes) rather than referring to console buffers.
Availability: Windows.
New in version 3.6.
-
PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE
If set to the value
0
, causes the main Python command line application to skip coercing the legacy ASCII-based C and POSIX locales to a more capable UTF-8 based alternative.If this variable is not set (or is set to a value other than
0
), theLC_ALL
locale override environment variable is also not set, and the current locale reported for theLC_CTYPE
category is either the defaultC
locale, or else the explicitly ASCII-basedPOSIX
locale, then the Python CLI will attempt to configure the following locales for theLC_CTYPE
category in the order listed before loading the interpreter runtime:C.UTF-8
C.utf8
UTF-8
If setting one of these locale categories succeeds, then the
LC_CTYPE
environment variable will also be set accordingly in the current process environment before the Python runtime is initialized. This ensures that in addition to being seen by both the interpreter itself and other locale-aware components running in the same process (such as the GNUreadline
library), the updated setting is also seen in subprocesses (regardless of whether or not those processes are running a Python interpreter), as well as in operations that query the environment rather than the current C locale (such as Python’s ownlocale.getdefaultlocale()
).Configuring one of these locales (either explicitly or via the above implicit locale coercion) automatically enables the
surrogateescape
error handler forsys.stdin
andsys.stdout
(sys.stderr
continues to usebackslashreplace
as it does in any other locale). This stream handling behavior can be overridden usingPYTHONIOENCODING
as usual.For debugging purposes, setting
PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE=warn
will cause Python to emit warning messages onstderr
if either the locale coercion activates, or else if a locale that would have triggered coercion is still active when the Python runtime is initialized.Also note that even when locale coercion is disabled, or when it fails to find a suitable target locale,
PYTHONUTF8
will still activate by default in legacy ASCII-based locales. Both features must be disabled in order to force the interpreter to useASCII
instead ofUTF-8
for system interfaces.Availability: *nix.
New in version 3.7: See PEP 538 for more details.
-
PYTHONDEVMODE
If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, enable the CPython “development mode”. See the
-X
dev
option.New in version 3.7.
-
PYTHONUTF8
If set to
1
, enables the interpreter’s UTF-8 mode, whereUTF-8
is used as the text encoding for system interfaces, regardless of the current locale setting.This means that:
sys.getfilesystemencoding()
returns'UTF-8'
(the locale encoding is ignored).locale.getpreferredencoding()
returns'UTF-8'
(the locale encoding is ignored, and the function’sdo_setlocale
parameter has no effect).sys.stdin
,sys.stdout
, andsys.stderr
all use UTF-8 as their text encoding, with thesurrogateescape
error handler being enabled forsys.stdin
andsys.stdout
(sys.stderr
continues to usebackslashreplace
as it does in the default locale-aware mode)
As a consequence of the changes in those lower level APIs, other higher level APIs also exhibit different default behaviours:
- Command line arguments, environment variables and filenames are decoded to text using the UTF-8 encoding.
os.fsdecode()
andos.fsencode()
use the UTF-8 encoding.open()
,io.open()
, andcodecs.open()
use the UTF-8 encoding by default. However, they still use the strict error handler by default so that attempting to open a binary file in text mode is likely to raise an exception rather than producing nonsense data.
Note that the standard stream settings in UTF-8 mode can be overridden by
PYTHONIOENCODING
(just as they can be in the default locale-aware mode).If set to
0
, the interpreter runs in its default locale-aware mode.Setting any other non-empty string causes an error during interpreter initialisation.
If this environment variable is not set at all, then the interpreter defaults to using the current locale settings, unless the current locale is identified as a legacy ASCII-based locale (as described for
PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE
), and locale coercion is either disabled or fails. In such legacy locales, the interpreter will default to enabling UTF-8 mode unless explicitly instructed not to do so.Also available as the
-X
utf8
option.Availability: *nix.
New in version 3.7: See PEP 540 for more details.
1.2.1. Debug-mode variables
Setting these variables only has an effect in a debug build of Python, that is,
if Python was configured with the --with-pydebug
build option.
-
PYTHONTHREADDEBUG
If set, Python will print threading debug info.
-
PYTHONDUMPREFS
If set, Python will dump objects and reference counts still alive after shutting down the interpreter.