3. Using Python on Windows
This document aims to give an overview of Windows-specific behaviour you should know about when using Python on Microsoft Windows.
Unlike most Unix systems and services, Windows does not include a system supported installation of Python. To make Python available, the CPython team has compiled Windows installers (MSI packages) with every release for many years. These installers are primarily intended to add a per-user installation of Python, with the core interpreter and library being used by a single user. The installer is also able to install for all users of a single machine, and a separate ZIP file is available for application-local distributions.
As specified in PEP 11, a Python release only supports a Windows platform while Microsoft considers the platform under extended support. This means that Python 3.7 supports Windows Vista and newer. If you require Windows XP support then please install Python 3.4.
There are a number of different installers available for Windows, each with certain benefits and downsides.
The full installer contains all components and is the best option for developers using Python for any kind of project.
The Microsoft Store package is a simple installation of Python that is suitable for running scripts and packages, and using IDLE or other development environments. It requires Windows 10, but can be safely installed without corrupting other programs. It also provides many convenient commands for launching Python and its tools.
The nuget.org packages are lightweight installations intended for continuous integration systems. It can be used to build Python packages or run scripts, but is not updateable and has no user interface tools.
The embeddable package is a minimal package of Python suitable for embedding into a larger application.
3.1. The full installer
3.1.1. Installation steps
Four Python 3.7 installers are available for download - two each for the 32-bit and 64-bit versions of the interpreter. The web installer is a small initial download, and it will automatically download the required components as necessary. The offline installer includes the components necessary for a default installation and only requires an internet connection for optional features. See Installing Without Downloading for other ways to avoid downloading during installation.
After starting the installer, one of two options may be selected:
![../_images/win_installer.png](win_installer.png)
If you select “Install Now”:
- You will not need to be an administrator (unless a system update for the C Runtime Library is required or you install the Python Launcher for Windows for all users)
- Python will be installed into your user directory
- The Python Launcher for Windows will be installed according to the option at the bottom of the first page
- The standard library, test suite, launcher and pip will be installed
- If selected, the install directory will be added to your
PATH
- Shortcuts will only be visible for the current user
Selecting “Customize installation” will allow you to select the features to install, the installation location and other options or post-install actions. To install debugging symbols or binaries, you will need to use this option.
To perform an all-users installation, you should select “Customize installation”. In this case:
- You may be required to provide administrative credentials or approval
- Python will be installed into the Program Files directory
- The Python Launcher for Windows will be installed into the Windows directory
- Optional features may be selected during installation
- The standard library can be pre-compiled to bytecode
- If selected, the install directory will be added to the system
PATH
- Shortcuts are available for all users
3.1.2. Removing the MAX_PATH Limitation
Windows historically has limited path lengths to 260 characters. This meant that paths longer than this would not resolve and errors would result.
In the latest versions of Windows, this limitation can be expanded to
approximately 32,000 characters. Your administrator will need to activate the
“Enable Win32 long paths” group policy, or set the registry value
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\FileSystem@LongPathsEnabled
to 1
.
This allows the open()
function, the os
module and most other
path functionality to accept and return paths longer than 260 characters when
using strings. (Use of bytes as paths is deprecated on Windows, and this feature
is not available when using bytes.)
After changing the above option, no further configuration is required.
Changed in version 3.6: Support for long paths was enabled in Python.
3.1.3. Installing Without UI
All of the options available in the installer UI can also be specified from the command line, allowing scripted installers to replicate an installation on many machines without user interaction. These options may also be set without suppressing the UI in order to change some of the defaults.
To completely hide the installer UI and install Python silently, pass the
/quiet
option. To skip past the user interaction but still display
progress and errors, pass the /passive
option. The /uninstall
option may be passed to immediately begin removing Python - no prompt will be
displayed.
All other options are passed as name=value
, where the value is usually
0
to disable a feature, 1
to enable a feature, or a path. The full list
of available options is shown below.
Name | Description | Default |
---|---|---|
InstallAllUsers | Perform a system-wide installation. | 0 |
TargetDir | The installation directory | Selected based on InstallAllUsers |
DefaultAllUsersTargetDir | The default installation directory for all-user installs | %ProgramFiles%\Python X.Y or %ProgramFiles(x86)%\Python X.Y |
DefaultJustForMeTargetDir | The default install directory for just-for-me installs | %LocalAppData%\Programs\PythonXY or
%LocalAppData%\Programs\PythonXY-32 |
DefaultCustomTargetDir | The default custom install directory displayed in the UI | (empty) |
AssociateFiles | Create file associations if the launcher is also installed. | 1 |
CompileAll | Compile all .py files to
.pyc . |
0 |
PrependPath | Add install and Scripts directories
to PATH and .PY to
PATHEXT |
0 |
Shortcuts | Create shortcuts for the interpreter, documentation and IDLE if installed. | 1 |
Include_doc | Install Python manual | 1 |
Include_debug | Install debug binaries | 0 |
Include_dev | Install developer headers and libraries | 1 |
Include_exe | Install python.exe and
related files |
1 |
Include_launcher | Install Python Launcher for Windows. | 1 |
InstallLauncherAllUsers | Installs Python Launcher for Windows for all users. | 1 |
Include_lib | Install standard library and extension modules | 1 |
Include_pip | Install bundled pip and setuptools | 1 |
Include_symbols | Install debugging symbols (*.pdb) | 0 |
Include_tcltk | Install Tcl/Tk support and IDLE | 1 |
Include_test | Install standard library test suite | 1 |
Include_tools | Install utility scripts | 1 |
LauncherOnly | Only installs the launcher. This will override most other options. | 0 |
SimpleInstall | Disable most install UI | 0 |
SimpleInstallDescription | A custom message to display when the simplified install UI is used. | (empty) |
For example, to silently install a default, system-wide Python installation, you could use the following command (from an elevated command prompt):
python-3.7.0.exe /quiet InstallAllUsers=1 PrependPath=1 Include_test=0
To allow users to easily install a personal copy of Python without the test suite, you could provide a shortcut with the following command. This will display a simplified initial page and disallow customization:
python-3.7.0.exe InstallAllUsers=0 Include_launcher=0 Include_test=0
SimpleInstall=1 SimpleInstallDescription="Just for me, no test suite."
(Note that omitting the launcher also omits file associations, and is only recommended for per-user installs when there is also a system-wide installation that included the launcher.)
The options listed above can also be provided in a file named unattend.xml
alongside the executable. This file specifies a list of options and values.
When a value is provided as an attribute, it will be converted to a number if
possible. Values provided as element text are always left as strings. This
example file sets the same options as the previous example:
<Options>
<Option Name="InstallAllUsers" Value="no" />
<Option Name="Include_launcher" Value="0" />
<Option Name="Include_test" Value="no" />
<Option Name="SimpleInstall" Value="yes" />
<Option Name="SimpleInstallDescription">Just for me, no test suite</Option>
</Options>
3.1.4. Installing Without Downloading
As some features of Python are not included in the initial installer download, selecting those features may require an internet connection. To avoid this need, all possible components may be downloaded on-demand to create a complete layout that will no longer require an internet connection regardless of the selected features. Note that this download may be bigger than required, but where a large number of installations are going to be performed it is very useful to have a locally cached copy.
Execute the following command from Command Prompt to download all possible
required files. Remember to substitute python-3.7.0.exe
for the actual
name of your installer, and to create layouts in their own directories to
avoid collisions between files with the same name.
python-3.7.0.exe /layout [optional target directory]
You may also specify the /quiet
option to hide the progress display.
3.1.5. Modifying an install
Once Python has been installed, you can add or remove features through the Programs and Features tool that is part of Windows. Select the Python entry and choose “Uninstall/Change” to open the installer in maintenance mode.
“Modify” allows you to add or remove features by modifying the checkboxes - unchanged checkboxes will not install or remove anything. Some options cannot be changed in this mode, such as the install directory; to modify these, you will need to remove and then reinstall Python completely.
“Repair” will verify all the files that should be installed using the current settings and replace any that have been removed or modified.
“Uninstall” will remove Python entirely, with the exception of the Python Launcher for Windows, which has its own entry in Programs and Features.
3.2. The Microsoft Store package
New in version 3.7.2.
Note
The Microsoft Store package is currently considered unstable while its interactions with other tools and other copies of Python are evaluated. While Python itself is stable, this installation method may change its behavior and capabilities during Python 3.7 releases.
The Microsoft Store package is an easily installable Python interpreter that is intended mainly for interactive use, for example, by students.
To install the package, ensure you have the latest Windows 10 updates and search the Microsoft Store app for “Python 3.7”. Ensure that the app you select is published by the Python Software Foundation, and install it.
Warning
Python will always be available for free on the Microsoft Store. If you are asked to pay for it, you have not selected the correct package.
After installation, Python may be launched by finding it in Start.
Alternatively, it will be available from any Command Prompt or PowerShell
session by typing python
. Further, pip and IDLE may be used by typing
pip
or idle
. IDLE can also be found in Start.
All three commands are also available with version number suffixes, for
example, as python3.exe
and python3.x.exe
as well as
python.exe
(where 3.x
is the specific version you want to launch,
such as 3.7).
Virtual environments can be created with python -m venv
and activated
and used as normal.
If you have installed another version of Python and added it to your
PATH
variable, it will be available as python.exe
rather than the
one from the Microsoft Store. To access the new installation, use
python3.exe
or python3.x.exe
.
To remove Python, open Settings and use Apps and Features, or else find Python in Start and right-click to select Uninstall. Uninstalling will remove all packages you installed directly into this Python installation, but will not remove any virtual environments
3.2.1. Known Issues
Currently, the py.exe
launcher cannot be used to start Python when it
has been installed from the Microsoft Store.
Because of restrictions on Microsoft Store apps, Python scripts may not have
full write access to shared locations such as TEMP
and the registry.
Instead, it will write to a private copy. If your scripts must modify the
shared locations, you will need to install the full installer.
3.3. The nuget.org packages
New in version 3.5.2.
The nuget.org package is a reduced size Python environment intended for use on continuous integration and build systems that do not have a system-wide install of Python. While nuget is “the package manager for .NET”, it also works perfectly fine for packages containing build-time tools.
Visit nuget.org for the most up-to-date information on using nuget. What follows is a summary that is sufficient for Python developers.
The nuget.exe
command line tool may be downloaded directly from
https://aka.ms/nugetclidl
, for example, using curl or PowerShell. With the
tool, the latest version of Python for 64-bit or 32-bit machines is installed
using:
nuget.exe install python -ExcludeVersion -OutputDirectory .
nuget.exe install pythonx86 -ExcludeVersion -OutputDirectory .
To select a particular version, add a -Version 3.x.y
. The output directory
may be changed from .
, and the package will be installed into a
subdirectory. By default, the subdirectory is named the same as the package,
and without the -ExcludeVersion
option this name will include the specific
version installed. Inside the subdirectory is a tools
directory that
contains the Python installation:
# Without -ExcludeVersion
> .\python.3.5.2\tools\python.exe -V
Python 3.5.2
# With -ExcludeVersion
> .\python\tools\python.exe -V
Python 3.5.2
In general, nuget packages are not upgradeable, and newer versions should be installed side-by-side and referenced using the full path. Alternatively, delete the package directory manually and install it again. Many CI systems will do this automatically if they do not preserve files between builds.
Alongside the tools
directory is a build\native
directory. This
contains a MSBuild properties file python.props
that can be used in a
C++ project to reference the Python install. Including the settings will
automatically use the headers and import libraries in your build.
The package information pages on nuget.org are www.nuget.org/packages/python for the 64-bit version and www.nuget.org/packages/pythonx86 for the 32-bit version.
3.4. The embeddable package
New in version 3.5.
The embedded distribution is a ZIP file containing a minimal Python environment. It is intended for acting as part of another application, rather than being directly accessed by end-users.
When extracted, the embedded distribution is (almost) fully isolated from the
user’s system, including environment variables, system registry settings, and
installed packages. The standard library is included as pre-compiled and
optimized .pyc
files in a ZIP, and python3.dll
, python37.dll
,
python.exe
and pythonw.exe
are all provided. Tcl/tk (including all
dependants, such as Idle), pip and the Python documentation are not included.
Note
The embedded distribution does not include the Microsoft C Runtime and it is
the responsibility of the application installer to provide this. The
runtime may have already been installed on a user’s system previously or
automatically via Windows Update, and can be detected by finding
ucrtbase.dll
in the system directory.
Third-party packages should be installed by the application installer alongside the embedded distribution. Using pip to manage dependencies as for a regular Python installation is not supported with this distribution, though with some care it may be possible to include and use pip for automatic updates. In general, third-party packages should be treated as part of the application (“vendoring”) so that the developer can ensure compatibility with newer versions before providing updates to users.
The two recommended use cases for this distribution are described below.
3.4.1. Python Application
An application written in Python does not necessarily require users to be aware of that fact. The embedded distribution may be used in this case to include a private version of Python in an install package. Depending on how transparent it should be (or conversely, how professional it should appear), there are two options.
Using a specialized executable as a launcher requires some coding, but provides
the most transparent experience for users. With a customized launcher, there are
no obvious indications that the program is running on Python: icons can be
customized, company and version information can be specified, and file
associations behave properly. In most cases, a custom launcher should simply be
able to call Py_Main
with a hard-coded command line.
The simpler approach is to provide a batch file or generated shortcut that
directly calls the python.exe
or pythonw.exe
with the required
command-line arguments. In this case, the application will appear to be Python
and not its actual name, and users may have trouble distinguishing it from other
running Python processes or file associations.
With the latter approach, packages should be installed as directories alongside the Python executable to ensure they are available on the path. With the specialized launcher, packages can be located in other locations as there is an opportunity to specify the search path before launching the application.
3.4.2. Embedding Python
Applications written in native code often require some form of scripting
language, and the embedded Python distribution can be used for this purpose. In
general, the majority of the application is in native code, and some part will
either invoke python.exe
or directly use python3.dll
. For either case,
extracting the embedded distribution to a subdirectory of the application
installation is sufficient to provide a loadable Python interpreter.
As with the application use, packages can be installed to any location as there is an opportunity to specify search paths before initializing the interpreter. Otherwise, there is no fundamental differences between using the embedded distribution and a regular installation.
3.5. Alternative bundles
Besides the standard CPython distribution, there are modified packages including additional functionality. The following is a list of popular versions and their key features:
- ActivePython
- Installer with multi-platform compatibility, documentation, PyWin32
- Anaconda
- Popular scientific modules (such as numpy, scipy and pandas) and the
conda
package manager. - Canopy
- A “comprehensive Python analysis environment” with editors and other development tools.
- WinPython
- Windows-specific distribution with prebuilt scientific packages and tools for building packages.
Note that these packages may not include the latest versions of Python or other libraries, and are not maintained or supported by the core Python team.
3.6. Configuring Python
To run Python conveniently from a command prompt, you might consider changing some default environment variables in Windows. While the installer provides an option to configure the PATH and PATHEXT variables for you, this is only reliable for a single, system-wide installation. If you regularly use multiple versions of Python, consider using the Python Launcher for Windows.
3.6.1. Excursus: Setting environment variables
Windows allows environment variables to be configured permanently at both the User level and the System level, or temporarily in a command prompt.
To temporarily set environment variables, open Command Prompt and use the set command:
C:\>set PATH=C:\Program Files\Python 3.7;%PATH%
C:\>set PYTHONPATH=%PYTHONPATH%;C:\My_python_lib
C:\>python
These changes will apply to any further commands executed in that console, and will be inherited by any applications started from the console.
Including the variable name within percent signs will expand to the existing
value, allowing you to add your new value at either the start or the end.
Modifying PATH
by adding the directory containing
python.exe to the start is a common way to ensure the correct version
of Python is launched.
To permanently modify the default environment variables, click Start and search for ‘edit environment variables’, or open System properties,
and click the button. In this dialog, you can add or modify User and System variables. To change System variables, you need non-restricted access to your machine (i.e. Administrator rights).Note
Windows will concatenate User variables after System variables, which may
cause unexpected results when modifying PATH
.
The PYTHONPATH
variable is used by all versions of Python 2 and
Python 3, so you should not permanently configure this variable unless it
only includes code that is compatible with all of your installed Python
versions.
See also
- https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/help/folder-variables
- Environment variables in Windows NT
- https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc754250.aspx
- The SET command, for temporarily modifying environment variables
- https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc755104.aspx
- The SETX command, for permanently modifying environment variables
- https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/310519/how-to-manage-environment-variables-in-windows-xp
- How To Manage Environment Variables in Windows XP
- https://www.chem.gla.ac.uk/~louis/software/faq/q1.html
- Setting Environment variables, Louis J. Farrugia
3.6.2. Finding the Python executable
Changed in version 3.5.
Besides using the automatically created start menu entry for the Python interpreter, you might want to start Python in the command prompt. The installer has an option to set that up for you.
On the first page of the installer, an option labelled “Add Python to PATH”
may be selected to have the installer add the install location into the
PATH
. The location of the Scripts\
folder is also added.
This allows you to type python to run the interpreter, and
pip for the package installer. Thus, you can also execute your
scripts with command line options, see Command line documentation.
If you don’t enable this option at install time, you can always re-run the
installer, select Modify, and enable it. Alternatively, you can manually
modify the PATH
using the directions in Excursus: Setting environment variables. You
need to set your PATH
environment variable to include the directory
of your Python installation, delimited by a semicolon from other entries. An
example variable could look like this (assuming the first two entries already
existed):
C:\WINDOWS\system32;C:\WINDOWS;C:\Program Files\Python 3.7
3.7. Python Launcher for Windows
New in version 3.3.
The Python launcher for Windows is a utility which aids in locating and executing of different Python versions. It allows scripts (or the command-line) to indicate a preference for a specific Python version, and will locate and execute that version.
Unlike the PATH
variable, the launcher will correctly select the most
appropriate version of Python. It will prefer per-user installations over
system-wide ones, and orders by language version rather than using the most
recently installed version.
The launcher was originally specified in PEP 397.
3.7.1. Getting started
3.7.1.1. From the command-line
Changed in version 3.6.
System-wide installations of Python 3.3 and later will put the launcher on your
PATH
. The launcher is compatible with all available versions of
Python, so it does not matter which version is installed. To check that the
launcher is available, execute the following command in Command Prompt:
py
You should find that the latest version of Python you have installed is started - it can be exited as normal, and any additional command-line arguments specified will be sent directly to Python.
If you have multiple versions of Python installed (e.g., 2.7 and 3.7) you will have noticed that Python 3.7 was started - to launch Python 2.7, try the command:
py -2.7
If you want the latest version of Python 2.x you have installed, try the command:
py -2
You should find the latest version of Python 2.x starts.
If you see the following error, you do not have the launcher installed:
'py' is not recognized as an internal or external command,
operable program or batch file.
Per-user installations of Python do not add the launcher to PATH
unless the option was selected on installation.
3.7.1.2. Virtual environments
New in version 3.5.
If the launcher is run with no explicit Python version specification, and a
virtual environment (created with the standard library venv
module or
the external virtualenv
tool) active, the launcher will run the virtual
environment’s interpreter rather than the global one. To run the global
interpreter, either deactivate the virtual environment, or explicitly specify
the global Python version.
3.7.1.3. From a script
Let’s create a test Python script - create a file called hello.py
with the
following contents
#! python
import sys
sys.stdout.write("hello from Python %s\n" % (sys.version,))
From the directory in which hello.py lives, execute the command:
py hello.py
You should notice the version number of your latest Python 2.x installation is printed. Now try changing the first line to be:
#! python3
Re-executing the command should now print the latest Python 3.x information.
As with the above command-line examples, you can specify a more explicit
version qualifier. Assuming you have Python 2.6 installed, try changing the
first line to #! python2.6
and you should find the 2.6 version
information printed.
Note that unlike interactive use, a bare “python” will use the latest
version of Python 2.x that you have installed. This is for backward
compatibility and for compatibility with Unix, where the command python
typically refers to Python 2.
3.7.1.4. From file associations
The launcher should have been associated with Python files (i.e. .py
,
.pyw
, .pyc
files) when it was installed. This means that
when you double-click on one of these files from Windows explorer the launcher
will be used, and therefore you can use the same facilities described above to
have the script specify the version which should be used.
The key benefit of this is that a single launcher can support multiple Python versions at the same time depending on the contents of the first line.
3.7.2. Shebang Lines
If the first line of a script file starts with #!
, it is known as a
“shebang” line. Linux and other Unix like operating systems have native
support for such lines and they are commonly used on such systems to indicate
how a script should be executed. This launcher allows the same facilities to
be used with Python scripts on Windows and the examples above demonstrate their
use.
To allow shebang lines in Python scripts to be portable between Unix and Windows, this launcher supports a number of ‘virtual’ commands to specify which interpreter to use. The supported virtual commands are:
/usr/bin/env python
/usr/bin/python
/usr/local/bin/python
python
For example, if the first line of your script starts with
#! /usr/bin/python
The default Python will be located and used. As many Python scripts written
to work on Unix will already have this line, you should find these scripts can
be used by the launcher without modification. If you are writing a new script
on Windows which you hope will be useful on Unix, you should use one of the
shebang lines starting with /usr
.
Any of the above virtual commands can be suffixed with an explicit version
(either just the major version, or the major and minor version) - for example
/usr/bin/python2.7
- which will cause that specific version to be located
and used.
The /usr/bin/env
form of shebang line has one further special property.
Before looking for installed Python interpreters, this form will search the
executable PATH
for a Python executable. This corresponds to the
behaviour of the Unix env
program, which performs a PATH
search.
3.7.3. Arguments in shebang lines
The shebang lines can also specify additional options to be passed to the Python interpreter. For example, if you have a shebang line:
#! /usr/bin/python -v
Then Python will be started with the -v
option
3.7.4. Customization
3.7.4.1. Customization via INI files
Two .ini files will be searched by the launcher - py.ini
in the current
user’s “application data” directory (i.e. the directory returned by calling the
Windows function SHGetFolderPath
with CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA
) and py.ini
in the
same directory as the launcher. The same .ini files are used for both the
‘console’ version of the launcher (i.e. py.exe) and for the ‘windows’ version
(i.e. pyw.exe).
Customization specified in the “application directory” will have precedence over the one next to the executable, so a user, who may not have write access to the .ini file next to the launcher, can override commands in that global .ini file.
3.7.4.2. Customizing default Python versions
In some cases, a version qualifier can be included in a command to dictate which version of Python will be used by the command. A version qualifier starts with a major version number and can optionally be followed by a period (‘.’) and a minor version specifier. If the minor qualifier is specified, it may optionally be followed by “-32” to indicate the 32-bit implementation of that version be used.
For example, a shebang line of #!python
has no version qualifier, while
#!python3
has a version qualifier which specifies only a major version.
If no version qualifiers are found in a command, the environment variable
PY_PYTHON
can be set to specify the default version qualifier - the default
value is “2”. Note this value could specify just a major version (e.g. “2”) or
a major.minor qualifier (e.g. “2.6”), or even major.minor-32.
If no minor version qualifiers are found, the environment variable
PY_PYTHON{major}
(where {major}
is the current major version qualifier
as determined above) can be set to specify the full version. If no such option
is found, the launcher will enumerate the installed Python versions and use
the latest minor release found for the major version, which is likely,
although not guaranteed, to be the most recently installed version in that
family.
On 64-bit Windows with both 32-bit and 64-bit implementations of the same (major.minor) Python version installed, the 64-bit version will always be preferred. This will be true for both 32-bit and 64-bit implementations of the launcher - a 32-bit launcher will prefer to execute a 64-bit Python installation of the specified version if available. This is so the behavior of the launcher can be predicted knowing only what versions are installed on the PC and without regard to the order in which they were installed (i.e., without knowing whether a 32 or 64-bit version of Python and corresponding launcher was installed last). As noted above, an optional “-32” suffix can be used on a version specifier to change this behaviour.
Examples:
- If no relevant options are set, the commands
python
andpython2
will use the latest Python 2.x version installed and the commandpython3
will use the latest Python 3.x installed. - The commands
python3.1
andpython2.7
will not consult any options at all as the versions are fully specified. - If
PY_PYTHON=3
, the commandspython
andpython3
will both use the latest installed Python 3 version. - If
PY_PYTHON=3.1-32
, the commandpython
will use the 32-bit implementation of 3.1 whereas the commandpython3
will use the latest installed Python (PY_PYTHON was not considered at all as a major version was specified.) - If
PY_PYTHON=3
andPY_PYTHON3=3.1
, the commandspython
andpython3
will both use specifically 3.1
In addition to environment variables, the same settings can be configured
in the .INI file used by the launcher. The section in the INI file is
called [defaults]
and the key name will be the same as the
environment variables without the leading PY_
prefix (and note that
the key names in the INI file are case insensitive.) The contents of
an environment variable will override things specified in the INI file.
For example:
- Setting
PY_PYTHON=3.1
is equivalent to the INI file containing:
[defaults]
python=3.1
- Setting
PY_PYTHON=3
andPY_PYTHON3=3.1
is equivalent to the INI file containing:
[defaults]
python=3
python3=3.1
3.7.5. Diagnostics
If an environment variable PYLAUNCH_DEBUG
is set (to any value), the
launcher will print diagnostic information to stderr (i.e. to the console).
While this information manages to be simultaneously verbose and terse, it
should allow you to see what versions of Python were located, why a
particular version was chosen and the exact command-line used to execute the
target Python.
3.8. Finding modules
Python usually stores its library (and thereby your site-packages folder) in the
installation directory. So, if you had installed Python to
C:\Python\
, the default library would reside in
C:\Python\Lib\
and third-party modules should be stored in
C:\Python\Lib\site-packages\
.
To completely override sys.path
, create a ._pth
file with the same
name as the DLL (python37._pth
) or the executable (python._pth
) and
specify one line for each path to add to sys.path
. The file based on the
DLL name overrides the one based on the executable, which allows paths to be
restricted for any program loading the runtime if desired.
When the file exists, all registry and environment variables are ignored,
isolated mode is enabled, and site
is not imported unless one line in the
file specifies import site
. Blank paths and lines starting with #
are
ignored. Each path may be absolute or relative to the location of the file.
Import statements other than to site
are not permitted, and arbitrary code
cannot be specified.
Note that .pth
files (without leading underscore) will be processed normally
by the site
module when import site
has been specified.
When no ._pth
file is found, this is how sys.path
is populated on
Windows:
- An empty entry is added at the start, which corresponds to the current directory.
- If the environment variable
PYTHONPATH
exists, as described in Environment variables, its entries are added next. Note that on Windows, paths in this variable must be separated by semicolons, to distinguish them from the colon used in drive identifiers (C:\
etc.). - Additional “application paths” can be added in the registry as subkeys of
\SOFTWARE\Python\PythonCore{version}\PythonPath
under both theHKEY_CURRENT_USER
andHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
hives. Subkeys which have semicolon-delimited path strings as their default value will cause each path to be added tosys.path
. (Note that all known installers only use HKLM, so HKCU is typically empty.) - If the environment variable
PYTHONHOME
is set, it is assumed as “Python Home”. Otherwise, the path of the main Python executable is used to locate a “landmark file” (eitherLib\os.py
orpythonXY.zip
) to deduce the “Python Home”. If a Python home is found, the relevant sub-directories added tosys.path
(Lib
,plat-win
, etc) are based on that folder. Otherwise, the core Python path is constructed from the PythonPath stored in the registry. - If the Python Home cannot be located, no
PYTHONPATH
is specified in the environment, and no registry entries can be found, a default path with relative entries is used (e.g..\Lib;.\plat-win
, etc).
If a pyvenv.cfg
file is found alongside the main executable or in the
directory one level above the executable, the following variations apply:
- If
home
is an absolute path andPYTHONHOME
is not set, this path is used instead of the path to the main executable when deducing the home location.
The end result of all this is:
- When running
python.exe
, or any other .exe in the main Python directory (either an installed version, or directly from the PCbuild directory), the core path is deduced, and the core paths in the registry are ignored. Other “application paths” in the registry are always read. - When Python is hosted in another .exe (different directory, embedded via COM, etc), the “Python Home” will not be deduced, so the core path from the registry is used. Other “application paths” in the registry are always read.
- If Python can’t find its home and there are no registry value (frozen .exe, some very strange installation setup) you get a path with some default, but relative, paths.
For those who want to bundle Python into their application or distribution, the following advice will prevent conflicts with other installations:
- Include a
._pth
file alongside your executable containing the directories to include. This will ignore paths listed in the registry and environment variables, and also ignoresite
unlessimport site
is listed. - If you are loading
python3.dll
orpython37.dll
in your own executable, explicitly callPy_SetPath()
or (at least)Py_SetProgramName()
beforePy_Initialize()
. - Clear and/or overwrite
PYTHONPATH
and setPYTHONHOME
before launchingpython.exe
from your application. - If you cannot use the previous suggestions (for example, you are a
distribution that allows people to run
python.exe
directly), ensure that the landmark file (Lib\os.py
) exists in your install directory. (Note that it will not be detected inside a ZIP file, but a correctly named ZIP file will be detected instead.)
These will ensure that the files in a system-wide installation will not take precedence over the copy of the standard library bundled with your application. Otherwise, your users may experience problems using your application. Note that the first suggestion is the best, as the others may still be susceptible to non-standard paths in the registry and user site-packages.
Changed in version 3.6:
- Adds
._pth
file support and removesapplocal
option frompyvenv.cfg
.- Adds
pythonXX.zip
as a potential landmark when directly adjacent to the executable.
Deprecated since version 3.6:Modules specified in the registry under
Modules
(notPythonPath
) may be imported byimportlib.machinery.WindowsRegistryFinder
. This finder is enabled on Windows in 3.6.0 and earlier, but may need to be explicitly added tosys.meta_path
in the future.
3.9. Additional modules
Even though Python aims to be portable among all platforms, there are features that are unique to Windows. A couple of modules, both in the standard library and external, and snippets exist to use these features.
The Windows-specific standard modules are documented in MS Windows Specific Services.
3.9.1. PyWin32
The PyWin32 module by Mark Hammond is a collection of modules for advanced Windows-specific support. This includes utilities for:
- Component Object Model (COM)
- Win32 API calls
- Registry
- Event log
- Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC) user interfaces
PythonWin is a sample MFC application shipped with PyWin32. It is an embeddable IDE with a built-in debugger.
See also
- Win32 How Do I…?
- by Tim Golden
- Python and COM
- by David and Paul Boddie
3.9.2. cx_Freeze
cx_Freeze is a distutils
extension (see Extending Distutils) which wraps Python scripts into
executable Windows programs (*.exe
files). When you have done this,
you can distribute your application without requiring your users to install
Python.
3.10. Compiling Python on Windows
If you want to compile CPython yourself, first thing you should do is get the source. You can download either the latest release’s source or just grab a fresh checkout.
The source tree contains a build solution and project files for Microsoft
Visual Studio 2015, which is the compiler used to build the official Python
releases. These files are in the PCbuild
directory.
Check PCbuild/readme.txt
for general information on the build process.
For extension modules, consult Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows.
See also
- Python + Windows + distutils + SWIG + gcc MinGW
- or “Creating Python extensions in C/C++ with SWIG and compiling them with MinGW gcc under Windows” or “Installing Python extension with distutils and without Microsoft Visual C++” by Sébastien Sauvage, 2003
- MingW – Python extensions
- by Trent Apted et al, 2007
3.11. Other Platforms
With ongoing development of Python, some platforms that used to be supported earlier are no longer supported (due to the lack of users or developers). Check PEP 11 for details on all unsupported platforms.
- Windows CE is still supported.
- The Cygwin installer offers to install the Python interpreter as well (cf. Cygwin package source, Maintainer releases)
See Python for Windows for detailed information about platforms with pre-compiled installers.