11.7. glob
— Unix style pathname pattern expansion
Source code: Lib/glob.py
The glob
module finds all the pathnames matching a specified pattern
according to the rules used by the Unix shell. No tilde expansion is done, but
*
, ?
, and character ranges expressed with []
will be correctly
matched. This is done by using the os.listdir()
and
fnmatch.fnmatch()
functions in concert, and not by actually invoking a
subshell. Note that unlike fnmatch.fnmatch()
, glob
treats
filenames beginning with a dot (.
) as special cases. (For tilde and shell
variable expansion, use os.path.expanduser()
and
os.path.expandvars()
.)
For a literal match, wrap the meta-characters in brackets.
For example, '[?]'
matches the character '?'
.
See also
The pathlib
module offers high-level path objects.
-
glob.
glob
(pathname, *, recursive=False) Return a possibly-empty list of path names that match pathname, which must be a string containing a path specification. pathname can be either absolute (like
/usr/src/Python-1.5/Makefile
) or relative (like../../Tools/*/*.gif
), and can contain shell-style wildcards. Broken symlinks are included in the results (as in the shell).If recursive is true, the pattern “
**
” will match any files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by aos.sep
, only directories and subdirectories match.Note
Using the “
**
” pattern in large directory trees may consume an inordinate amount of time.Changed in version 3.5: Support for recursive globs using “
**
”.
-
glob.
iglob
(pathname, recursive=False) Return an iterator which yields the same values as
glob()
without actually storing them all simultaneously.
-
glob.
escape
(pathname) Escape all special characters (
'?'
,'*'
and'['
). This is useful if you want to match an arbitrary literal string that may have special characters in it. Special characters in drive/UNC sharepoints are not escaped, e.g. on Windowsescape('//?/c:/Quo vadis?.txt')
returns'//?/c:/Quo vadis[?].txt'
.New in version 3.4.
For example, consider a directory containing the following files:
1.gif
, 2.txt
, card.gif
and a subdirectory sub
which contains only the file 3.txt
. glob()
will produce
the following results. Notice how any leading components of the path are
preserved.
>>> import glob
>>> glob.glob('./[0-9].*')
['./1.gif', './2.txt']
>>> glob.glob('*.gif')
['1.gif', 'card.gif']
>>> glob.glob('?.gif')
['1.gif']
>>> glob.glob('**/*.txt', recursive=True)
['2.txt', 'sub/3.txt']
>>> glob.glob('./**/', recursive=True)
['./', './sub/']
If the directory contains files starting with .
they won’t be matched by
default. For example, consider a directory containing card.gif
and
.card.gif
:
>>> import glob
>>> glob.glob('*.gif')
['card.gif']
>>> glob.glob('.c*')
['.card.gif']
See also
- Module
fnmatch
- Shell-style filename (not path) expansion