Hibernate 3.6.10.Final ²Î¿¼ÊÖ²á ÖÐÎÄ°æ

Hibernate

Hibernate.org Community Documentation

重要

本教程期望用户具备 Java 和 SQL 知识。如果你这方面的知识有限,我们建议你在学习 Hibernate 之前先好好了解这些技术。

注意

本版本在源代码目录 tutorial/eg 下还包含另外一个例程。

注意

虽然你可以使用任何数据库,我们还是用 HSQLDB(一个用 Java 编写的内存数据库)来避免花费篇章对数据库服务器的安装/配置进行解释。

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">

    <modelVersion
>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <groupId
>org.hibernate.tutorials</groupId>
    <artifactId
>hibernate-tutorial</artifactId>
    <version
>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name
>First Hibernate Tutorial</name>

    <build>
         <!-- we dont want the version to be part of the generated war file name -->
         <finalName
>${artifactId}</finalName>
    </build>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId
>org.hibernate</groupId>
            <artifactId
>hibernate-core</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <!-- Because this is a web app, we also have a dependency on the servlet api. -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId
>javax.servlet</groupId>
            <artifactId
>servlet-api</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <!-- Hibernate uses slf4j for logging, for our purposes here use the simple backend -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId
>org.slf4j</groupId>
            <artifactId
>slf4j-simple</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <!-- Hibernate gives you a choice of bytecode providers between cglib and javassist -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId
>javassist</groupId>
            <artifactId
>javassist</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

</project
>

提示

It is not a requirement to use Maven. If you wish to use something else to build this tutorial (such as Ant), the layout will remain the same. The only change is that you will need to manually account for all the needed dependencies. If you use something like Ivy providing transitive dependency management you would still use the dependencies mentioned below. Otherwise, you'd need to grab all dependencies, both explicit and transitive, and add them to the project's classpath. If working from the Hibernate distribution bundle, this would mean hibernate3.jar, all artifacts in the lib/required directory and all files from either the lib/bytecode/cglib or lib/bytecode/javassist directory; additionally you will need both the servlet-api jar and one of the slf4j logging backends.

package org.hibernate.tutorial.domain;


import java.util.Date;
public class Event {
    private Long id;
    private String title;
    private Date date;
    public Event() {}
    public Long getId() {
        return id;
    }
    private void setId(Long id) {
        this.id = id;
    }
    public Date getDate() {
        return date;
    }
    public void setDate(Date date) {
        this.date = date;
    }
    public String getTitle() {
        return title;
    }
    public void setTitle(String title) {
        this.title = title;
    }
}
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC
        "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN"
        "http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">

<hibernate-mapping package="org.hibernate.tutorial.domain">
[...]
</hibernate-mapping
>

重要

为缩短代码长度,在以后的例子里我们会省略 DTD 的声明。当然,在实际的应用程序中,DTD 声明是必需的。

<hibernate-mapping package="org.hibernate.tutorial.domain">

    <class name="Event" table="EVENTS">

    </class>

</hibernate-mapping
>
<hibernate-mapping package="org.hibernate.tutorial.domain">

    <class name="Event" table="EVENTS">
        <id name="id" column="EVENT_ID">
            <generator class="native"/>
        </id>
    </class>

</hibernate-mapping
>

提示

native is no longer consider the best strategy in terms of portability. for further discussion, see 第 28.4 节 “标识符的生成”


<hibernate-mapping package="org.hibernate.tutorial.domain">

    <class name="Event" table="EVENTS">
        <id name="id" column="EVENT_ID">
            <generator class="native"/>
        </id>
        <property name="date" type="timestamp" column="EVENT_DATE"/>
        <property name="title"/>
    </class>

</hibernate-mapping
>

注意

为什么 date 属性的映射含有 column attribute,而 title 却没有?当没有设定 column attribute 的时候,Hibernate 缺省地使用 JavaBean 的属性名作为字段名。对于 title,这样工作得很好。然而,date 在多数的数据库里,是一个保留关键字,所以我们最好把它映射成一个不同的名字。

提示

当处理映射文件时,Hibernate 用反射(reflection)来决定这个映射类型。这需要时间和资源,所以如果你注重启动性能,你应该考虑显性地定义所用的类型。

注意

数据在程序运行期间需要保持有效。

小心

嵌入的 Hibernate 连接池不用于产品环境。它缺乏连接池里的几个功能。

<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC
        "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN"
        "http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd">

<hibernate-configuration>

    <session-factory>

        <!-- Database connection settings -->
        <property name="connection.driver_class"
>org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver</property>
        <property name="connection.url"
>jdbc:hsqldb:hsql://localhost</property>
        <property name="connection.username"
>sa</property>
        <property name="connection.password"
></property>

        <!-- JDBC connection pool (use the built-in) -->
        <property name="connection.pool_size"
>1</property>

        <!-- SQL dialect -->
        <property name="dialect"
>org.hibernate.dialect.HSQLDialect</property>

        <!-- Enable Hibernate's automatic session context management -->
        <property name="current_session_context_class"
>thread</property>

        <!-- Disable the second-level cache  -->
        <property name="cache.provider_class"
>org.hibernate.cache.NoCacheProvider</property>

        <!-- Echo all executed SQL to stdout -->
        <property name="show_sql"
>true</property>

        <!-- Drop and re-create the database schema on startup -->
        <property name="hbm2ddl.auto"
>update</property>

        <mapping resource="org/hibernate/tutorial/domain/Event.hbm.xml"/>

    </session-factory>

</hibernate-configuration
>

注意

请注意,这个配置文件指定了一个不同的 DTD。

提示

In most cases, Hibernate is able to properly determine which dialect to use. See 第 28.3 节 “方言的使用” for more information.

[hibernateTutorial]$ mvn compile
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Building First Hibernate Tutorial
[INFO]    task-segment: [compile]
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] [resources:resources]
[INFO] Using default encoding to copy filtered resources.
[INFO] [compiler:compile]
[INFO] Compiling 1 source file to /home/steve/projects/sandbox/hibernateTutorial/target/classes
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESSFUL
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time: 2 seconds
[INFO] Finished at: Tue Jun 09 12:25:25 CDT 2009
[INFO] Final Memory: 5M/547M
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
package org.hibernate.tutorial.util;


import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
public class HibernateUtil {
    private static final SessionFactory sessionFactory = buildSessionFactory();
    private static SessionFactory buildSessionFactory() {
        try {
            // Create the SessionFactory from hibernate.cfg.xml
            return new Configuration().configure().buildSessionFactory();
        }
        catch (Throwable ex) {
            // Make sure you log the exception, as it might be swallowed
            System.err.println("Initial SessionFactory creation failed." + ex);
            throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(ex);
        }
    }
    public static SessionFactory getSessionFactory() {
        return sessionFactory;
    }
}
package org.hibernate.tutorial;


import org.hibernate.Session;
import java.util.*;
import org.hibernate.tutorial.domain.Event;
import org.hibernate.tutorial.util.HibernateUtil;
public class EventManager {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        EventManager mgr = new EventManager();
        if (args[0].equals("store")) {
            mgr.createAndStoreEvent("My Event", new Date());
        }
        HibernateUtil.getSessionFactory().close();
    }
    private void createAndStoreEvent(String title, Date theDate) {
        Session session = HibernateUtil.getSessionFactory().getCurrentSession();
        session.beginTransaction();
        Event theEvent = new Event();
        theEvent.setTitle(title);
        theEvent.setDate(theDate);
        session.save(theEvent);
        session.getTransaction().commit();
    }
}

重要

Hibernate 提供三种跟踪当前会话的方法。基于“线程”的方法不适合于产品环境,它仅用于 prototyping 和教学用途。后面将更详细地讨论会话跟踪。

注意

你可能需要先执行 mvn compile

[java] Hibernate: insert into EVENTS (EVENT_DATE, title, EVENT_ID) values (?, ?, ?)
        if (args[0].equals("store")) {

            mgr.createAndStoreEvent("My Event", new Date());
        }
        else if (args[0].equals("list")) {
            List events = mgr.listEvents();
            for (int i = 0; i < events.size(); i++) {
                Event theEvent = (Event) events.get(i);
                System.out.println(
                        "Event: " + theEvent.getTitle() + " Time: " + theEvent.getDate()
                );
            }
        }
    private List listEvents() {

        Session session = HibernateUtil.getSessionFactory().getCurrentSession();
        session.beginTransaction();
        List result = session.createQuery("from Event").list();
        session.getTransaction().commit();
        return result;
    }
package org.hibernate.tutorial.domain;


public class Person {
    private Long id;
    private int age;
    private String firstname;
    private String lastname;
    public Person() {}
    // Accessor methods for all properties, private setter for 'id'
}
<hibernate-mapping package="org.hibernate.tutorial.domain">

    <class name="Person" table="PERSON">
        <id name="id" column="PERSON_ID">
            <generator class="native"/>
        </id>
        <property name="age"/>
        <property name="firstname"/>
        <property name="lastname"/>
    </class>

</hibernate-mapping>
<mapping resource="org/hibernate/tutorial/domain/Event.hbm.xml"/>
<mapping resource="org/hibernate/tutorial/domain/Person.hbm.xml"/>
public class Person {


    private Set events = new HashSet();
    public Set getEvents() {
        return events;
    }
    public void setEvents(Set events) {
        this.events = events;
    }
}
<class name="Person" table="PERSON">
    <id name="id" column="PERSON_ID">
        <generator class="native"/>
    </id>
    <property name="age"/>
    <property name="firstname"/>
    <property name="lastname"/>

    <set name="events" table="PERSON_EVENT">
        <key column="PERSON_ID"/>
        <many-to-many column="EVENT_ID" class="Event"/>
    </set>

</class>
    _____________        __________________
   |             |      |                  |       _____________
   |   EVENTS    |      |   PERSON_EVENT   |      |             |
   |_____________|      |__________________|      |    PERSON   |
   |             |      |                  |      |_____________|
   | *EVENT_ID   | <--> | *EVENT_ID        |      |             |
   |  EVENT_DATE |      | *PERSON_ID       | <--> | *PERSON_ID  |
   |  TITLE      |      |__________________|      |  AGE        |
   |_____________|                                |  FIRSTNAME  |
                                                  |  LASTNAME   |
                                                  |_____________|
 
    private void addPersonToEvent(Long personId, Long eventId) {

        Session session = HibernateUtil.getSessionFactory().getCurrentSession();
        session.beginTransaction();
        Person aPerson = (Person) session.load(Person.class, personId);
        Event anEvent = (Event) session.load(Event.class, eventId);
        aPerson.getEvents().add(anEvent);
        session.getTransaction().commit();
    }
    private void addPersonToEvent(Long personId, Long eventId) {

        Session session = HibernateUtil.getSessionFactory().getCurrentSession();
        session.beginTransaction();
        Person aPerson = (Person) session
                .createQuery("select p from Person p left join fetch p.events where p.id = :pid")
                .setParameter("pid", personId)
                .uniqueResult(); // Eager fetch the collection so we can use it detached
        Event anEvent = (Event) session.load(Event.class, eventId);
        session.getTransaction().commit();
        // End of first unit of work
        aPerson.getEvents().add(anEvent); // aPerson (and its collection) is detached
        // Begin second unit of work
        Session session2 = HibernateUtil.getSessionFactory().getCurrentSession();
        session2.beginTransaction();
        session2.update(aPerson); // Reattachment of aPerson
        session2.getTransaction().commit();
    }
        else if (args[0].equals("addpersontoevent")) {

            Long eventId = mgr.createAndStoreEvent("My Event", new Date());
            Long personId = mgr.createAndStorePerson("Foo", "Bar");
            mgr.addPersonToEvent(personId, eventId);
            System.out.println("Added person " + personId + " to event " + eventId);
        }
    private Set emailAddresses = new HashSet();


    public Set getEmailAddresses() {
        return emailAddresses;
    }
    public void setEmailAddresses(Set emailAddresses) {
        this.emailAddresses = emailAddresses;
    }
        <set name="emailAddresses" table="PERSON_EMAIL_ADDR">
            <key column="PERSON_ID"/>
            <element type="string" column="EMAIL_ADDR"/>
        </set>
  _____________        __________________
 |             |      |                  |       _____________
 |   EVENTS    |      |   PERSON_EVENT   |      |             |       ___________________
 |_____________|      |__________________|      |    PERSON   |      |                   |
 |             |      |                  |      |_____________|      | PERSON_EMAIL_ADDR |
 | *EVENT_ID   | <--> | *EVENT_ID        |      |             |      |___________________|
 |  EVENT_DATE |      | *PERSON_ID       | <--> | *PERSON_ID  | <--> |  *PERSON_ID       |
 |  TITLE      |      |__________________|      |  AGE        |      |  *EMAIL_ADDR      |
 |_____________|                                |  FIRSTNAME  |      |___________________|
                                                |  LASTNAME   |
                                                |_____________|
 
    private void addEmailToPerson(Long personId, String emailAddress) {

        Session session = HibernateUtil.getSessionFactory().getCurrentSession();
        session.beginTransaction();
        Person aPerson = (Person) session.load(Person.class, personId);
        // adding to the emailAddress collection might trigger a lazy load of the collection
        aPerson.getEmailAddresses().add(emailAddress);
        session.getTransaction().commit();
    }

注意

关系型数据库比网络编程语言更为灵活,因为它不需要方向导航,其数据可以用任何可能的方式进行查看和提取。

    private Set participants = new HashSet();


    public Set getParticipants() {
        return participants;
    }
    public void setParticipants(Set participants) {
        this.participants = participants;
    }
        <set name="participants" table="PERSON_EVENT" inverse="true">
            <key column="EVENT_ID"/>
            <many-to-many column="PERSON_ID" class="Person"/>
        </set
>
    protected Set getEvents() {

        return events;
    }
    protected void setEvents(Set events) {
        this.events = events;
    }
    public void addToEvent(Event event) {
        this.getEvents().add(event);
        event.getParticipants().add(this);
    }
    public void removeFromEvent(Event event) {
        this.getEvents().remove(event);
        event.getParticipants().remove(this);
    }
package org.hibernate.tutorial.web;


// Imports
public class EventManagerServlet extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doGet(
            HttpServletRequest request,
            HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        SimpleDateFormat dateFormatter = new SimpleDateFormat( "dd.MM.yyyy" );
        try {
            // Begin unit of work
            HibernateUtil.getSessionFactory().getCurrentSession().beginTransaction();
            // Process request and render page...
            // End unit of work
            HibernateUtil.getSessionFactory().getCurrentSession().getTransaction().commit();
        }
        catch (Exception ex) {
            HibernateUtil.getSessionFactory().getCurrentSession().getTransaction().rollback();
            if ( ServletException.class.isInstance( ex ) ) {
                throw ( ServletException ) ex;
            }
            else {
                throw new ServletException( ex );
            }
        }
    }
}
        // Write HTML header

        PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
        out.println("<html><head><title>Event Manager</title></head><body>");
        // Handle actions
        if ( "store".equals(request.getParameter("action")) ) {
            String eventTitle = request.getParameter("eventTitle");
            String eventDate = request.getParameter("eventDate");
            if ( "".equals(eventTitle) || "".equals(eventDate) ) {
                out.println("<b><i>Please enter event title and date.</i></b>");
            }
            else {
                createAndStoreEvent(eventTitle, dateFormatter.parse(eventDate));
                out.println("<b><i>Added event.</i></b>");
            }
        }
        // Print page
       printEventForm(out);
       listEvents(out, dateFormatter);
       // Write HTML footer
       out.println("</body></html>");
       out.flush();
       out.close();
    private void printEventForm(PrintWriter out) {

        out.println("<h2>Add new event:</h2>");
        out.println("<form>");
        out.println("Title: <input name='eventTitle' length='50'/><br/>");
        out.println("Date (e.g. 24.12.2009): <input name='eventDate' length='10'/><br/>");
        out.println("<input type='submit' name='action' value='store'/>");
        out.println("</form>");
    }
    private void listEvents(PrintWriter out, SimpleDateFormat dateFormatter) {


        List result = HibernateUtil.getSessionFactory()
                .getCurrentSession().createCriteria(Event.class).list();
        if (result.size() > 0) {
            out.println("<h2>Events in database:</h2>");
            out.println("<table border='1'>");
            out.println("<tr>");
            out.println("<th>Event title</th>");
            out.println("<th>Event date</th>");
            out.println("</tr>");
            Iterator it = result.iterator();
            while (it.hasNext()) {
                Event event = (Event) it.next();
                out.println("<tr>");
                out.println("<td>" + event.getTitle() + "</td>");
                out.println("<td>" + dateFormatter.format(event.getDate()) + "</td>");
                out.println("</tr>");
            }
            out.println("</table>");
        }
    }
    protected void createAndStoreEvent(String title, Date theDate) {

        Event theEvent = new Event();
        theEvent.setTitle(title);
        theEvent.setDate(theDate);
        HibernateUtil.getSessionFactory()
                .getCurrentSession().save(theEvent);
    }
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app version="2.4"
    xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd">

    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>Event Manager</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>org.hibernate.tutorial.web.EventManagerServlet</servlet-class>
    </servlet>

    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>Event Manager</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/eventmanager</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
</web-app>

注意

If you do not have Tomcat installed, download it from http://tomcat.apache.org/ and follow the installation instructions. Our application requires no changes to the standard Tomcat configuration.