22.1.2.1. The NullTranslations class

Translation classes are what actually implement the translation of original source file message strings to translated message strings. The base class used by all translation classes is NullTranslations; this provides the basic interface you can use to write your own specialized translation classes. Here are the methods of NullTranslations:

class gettext.NullTranslations([fp])

Takes an optional file object fp, which is ignored by the base class. Initializes “protected” instance variables _info and _charset which are set by derived classes, as well as _fallback, which is set through add_fallback(). It then calls self._parse(fp) if fp is not None.

_parse(fp)

No-op’d in the base class, this method takes file object fp, and reads the data from the file, initializing its message catalog. If you have an unsupported message catalog file format, you should override this method to parse your format.

add_fallback(fallback)

Add fallback as the fallback object for the current translation object. A translation object should consult the fallback if it cannot provide a translation for a given message.

gettext(message)

If a fallback has been set, forward gettext() to the fallback. Otherwise, return the translated message. Overridden in derived classes.

lgettext(message)

If a fallback has been set, forward lgettext() to the fallback. Otherwise, return the translated message. Overridden in derived classes.

New in version 2.4.

ugettext(message)

If a fallback has been set, forward ugettext() to the fallback. Otherwise, return the translated message as a Unicode string. Overridden in derived classes.

ngettext(singular, plural, n)

If a fallback has been set, forward ngettext() to the fallback. Otherwise, return the translated message. Overridden in derived classes.

New in version 2.3.

lngettext(singular, plural, n)

If a fallback has been set, forward lngettext() to the fallback. Otherwise, return the translated message. Overridden in derived classes.

New in version 2.4.

ungettext(singular, plural, n)

If a fallback has been set, forward ungettext() to the fallback. Otherwise, return the translated message as a Unicode string. Overridden in derived classes.

New in version 2.3.

info()

Return the “protected” _info variable.

charset()

Return the “protected” _charset variable.

output_charset()

Return the “protected” _output_charset variable, which defines the encoding used to return translated messages.

New in version 2.4.

set_output_charset(charset)

Change the “protected” _output_charset variable, which defines the encoding used to return translated messages.

New in version 2.4.

install([unicode[, names]])

If the unicode flag is false, this method installs self.gettext() into the built-in namespace, binding it to _. If unicode is true, it binds self.ugettext() instead. By default, unicode is false.

If the names parameter is given, it must be a sequence containing the names of functions you want to install in the builtins namespace in addition to _(). Supported names are 'gettext' (bound to self.gettext() or self.ugettext() according to the unicode flag), 'ngettext' (bound to self.ngettext() or self.ungettext() according to the unicode flag), 'lgettext' and 'lngettext'.

Note that this is only one way, albeit the most convenient way, to make the _() function available to your application. Because it affects the entire application globally, and specifically the built-in namespace, localized modules should never install _(). Instead, they should use this code to make _() available to their module:

import gettext
t = gettext.translation('mymodule', ...)
_ = t.gettext

This puts _() only in the module’s global namespace and so only affects calls within this module.

Changed in version 2.5: Added the names parameter.

22.1.2.2. The GNUTranslations class

The gettext module provides one additional class derived from NullTranslations: GNUTranslations. This class overrides _parse() to enable reading GNU gettext format .mo files in both big-endian and little-endian format. It also coerces both message ids and message strings to Unicode.

GNUTranslations parses optional meta-data out of the translation catalog. It is convention with GNU gettext to include meta-data as the translation for the empty string. This meta-data is in RFC 822-style key: value pairs, and should contain the Project-Id-Version key. If the key Content-Type is found, then the charset property is used to initialize the “protected” _charset instance variable, defaulting to None if not found. If the charset encoding is specified, then all message ids and message strings read from the catalog are converted to Unicode using this encoding. The ugettext() method always returns a Unicode, while the gettext() returns an encoded 8-bit string. For the message id arguments of both methods, either Unicode strings or 8-bit strings containing only US-ASCII characters are acceptable. Note that the Unicode version of the methods (i.e. ugettext() and ungettext()) are the recommended interface to use for internationalized Python programs.

The entire set of key/value pairs are placed into a dictionary and set as the “protected” _info instance variable.

If the .mo file’s magic number is invalid, or if other problems occur while reading the file, instantiating a GNUTranslations class can raise IOError.

The following methods are overridden from the base class implementation:

GNUTranslations.gettext(message)

Look up the message id in the catalog and return the corresponding message string, as an 8-bit string encoded with the catalog’s charset encoding, if known. If there is no entry in the catalog for the message id, and a fallback has been set, the look up is forwarded to the fallback’s gettext() method. Otherwise, the message id is returned.

GNUTranslations.lgettext(message)

Equivalent to gettext(), but the translation is returned in the preferred system encoding, if no other encoding was explicitly set with set_output_charset().

New in version 2.4.

GNUTranslations.ugettext(message)

Look up the message id in the catalog and return the corresponding message string, as a Unicode string. If there is no entry in the catalog for the message id, and a fallback has been set, the look up is forwarded to the fallback’s ugettext() method. Otherwise, the message id is returned.

GNUTranslations.ngettext(singular, plural, n)

Do a plural-forms lookup of a message id. singular is used as the message id for purposes of lookup in the catalog, while n is used to determine which plural form to use. The returned message string is an 8-bit string encoded with the catalog’s charset encoding, if known.

If the message id is not found in the catalog, and a fallback is specified, the request is forwarded to the fallback’s ngettext() method. Otherwise, when n is 1 singular is returned, and plural is returned in all other cases.

New in version 2.3.

GNUTranslations.lngettext(singular, plural, n)

Equivalent to gettext(), but the translation is returned in the preferred system encoding, if no other encoding was explicitly set with set_output_charset().

New in version 2.4.

GNUTranslations.ungettext(singular, plural, n)

Do a plural-forms lookup of a message id. singular is used as the message id for purposes of lookup in the catalog, while n is used to determine which plural form to use. The returned message string is a Unicode string.

If the message id is not found in the catalog, and a fallback is specified, the request is forwarded to the fallback’s ungettext() method. Otherwise, when n is 1 singular is returned, and plural is returned in all other cases.

Here is an example:

n = len(os.listdir('.'))
cat = GNUTranslations(somefile)
message = cat.ungettext(
    'There is %(num)d file in this directory',
    'There are %(num)d files in this directory',
    n) % {'num': n}

New in version 2.3.

22.1.2.3. Solaris message catalog support

The Solaris operating system defines its own binary .mo file format, but since no documentation can be found on this format, it is not supported at this time.

22.1.2.4. The Catalog constructor

GNOME uses a version of the gettext module by James Henstridge, but this version has a slightly different API. Its documented usage was:

import gettext
cat = gettext.Catalog(domain, localedir)
_ = cat.gettext
print _('hello world')

For compatibility with this older module, the function Catalog() is an alias for the translation() function described above.

One difference between this module and Henstridge’s: his catalog objects supported access through a mapping API, but this appears to be unused and so is not currently supported.

22.1.3.1. Localizing your module

If you are localizing your module, you must take care not to make global changes, e.g. to the built-in namespace. You should not use the GNU gettext API but instead the class-based API.

Let’s say your module is called “spam” and the module’s various natural language translation .mo files reside in /usr/share/locale in GNU gettext format. Here’s what you would put at the top of your module:

import gettext
t = gettext.translation('spam', '/usr/share/locale')
_ = t.lgettext

If your translators were providing you with Unicode strings in their .po files, you’d instead do:

import gettext
t = gettext.translation('spam', '/usr/share/locale')
_ = t.ugettext

22.1.3.2. Localizing your application

If you are localizing your application, you can install the _() function globally into the built-in namespace, usually in the main driver file of your application. This will let all your application-specific files just use _('...') without having to explicitly install it in each file.

In the simple case then, you need only add the following bit of code to the main driver file of your application:

import gettext
gettext.install('myapplication')

If you need to set the locale directory or the unicode flag, you can pass these into the install() function:

import gettext
gettext.install('myapplication', '/usr/share/locale', unicode=1)

22.1.3.3. Changing languages on the fly

If your program needs to support many languages at the same time, you may want to create multiple translation instances and then switch between them explicitly, like so:

import gettext

lang1 = gettext.translation('myapplication', languages=['en'])
lang2 = gettext.translation('myapplication', languages=['fr'])
lang3 = gettext.translation('myapplication', languages=['de'])

# start by using language1
lang1.install()

# ... time goes by, user selects language 2
lang2.install()

# ... more time goes by, user selects language 3
lang3.install()

22.1.3.4. Deferred translations

In most coding situations, strings are translated where they are coded. Occasionally however, you need to mark strings for translation, but defer actual translation until later. A classic example is:

animals = ['mollusk',
           'albatross',
           'rat',
           'penguin',
           'python', ]
# ...
for a in animals:
    print a

Here, you want to mark the strings in the animals list as being translatable, but you don’t actually want to translate them until they are printed.

Here is one way you can handle this situation:

def _(message): return message

animals = [_('mollusk'),
           _('albatross'),
           _('rat'),
           _('penguin'),
           _('python'), ]

del _

# ...
for a in animals:
    print _(a)

This works because the dummy definition of _() simply returns the string unchanged. And this dummy definition will temporarily override any definition of _() in the built-in namespace (until the del command). Take care, though if you have a previous definition of _() in the local namespace.

Note that the second use of _() will not identify “a” as being translatable to the pygettext program, since it is not a string.

Another way to handle this is with the following example:

def N_(message): return message

animals = [N_('mollusk'),
           N_('albatross'),
           N_('rat'),
           N_('penguin'),
           N_('python'), ]

# ...
for a in animals:
    print _(a)

In this case, you are marking translatable strings with the function N_(), [5] which won’t conflict with any definition of _(). However, you will need to teach your message extraction program to look for translatable strings marked with N_(). pygettext and xpot both support this through the use of command line switches.

22.1.3.5. gettext() vs. lgettext()

In Python 2.4 the lgettext() family of functions were introduced. The intention of these functions is to provide an alternative which is more compliant with the current implementation of GNU gettext. Unlike gettext(), which returns strings encoded with the same codeset used in the translation file, lgettext() will return strings encoded with the preferred system encoding, as returned by locale.getpreferredencoding(). Also notice that Python 2.4 introduces new functions to explicitly choose the codeset used in translated strings. If a codeset is explicitly set, even lgettext() will return translated strings in the requested codeset, as would be expected in the GNU gettext implementation.