选用纯 JSP 还是纯 Servlet 设计站点都有它的局限性,Struts 就是把它们联系在一起的一种有力工具。采用 Struts 能开发出基于 MVC
模式的应用,关于 MVC 的概念可以参见 GoF 的《设计模式——可复用面向对象软件的基础》。
你现在要做的是,下载、安装、配置好以下的工具,版本不同的话操作可能会有些差异,具体的看它们的文档吧:
Eclipse 2.1.0
Struts 是用 Java 写的,应此它需要 JDK 1.2 或者更高版本。如果你用的是 JDK
1.4,就像我,XML parser 和 JDBC 2.0 Optional Package Binary 就已经被默认的包含了。
新项目
在这个例程中我们要开发一个简单的 web 应用,允许用户登录和注销。简单起见,数据被设定为常数,而不是保存在数据库中,毕竟这里要讲的是
Struts,而不是 Java。
首先在你的 Tomcat 配置的应用主目录中创建一个目录,比方说 logonApp。在 logonApp 中创建目录 src 和 WEB-INF,在
WEB-INF 中创建目录 classes 和 lib,从 Struts 的分发中拷贝 struts.jar 到 lib 目录,而且也把拷贝
$CATALINA_HOME/common/lib/servlets.jar 到 lib 目录。从 Struts 的分发中拷贝所有的 struts*.tld 到
WEB-INF 目录。
现在打开 Eclipse,你会看到四个 view。现在我们要建立一个新的项目,点击 File -> New
Project,打开了一个窗口,在第一个窗格中选择 Java,在第二个窗格中选择 Java Project,点击 Next。输入项目名称(为了好记,就也叫
logonApp 吧),去掉 use default 复选框的对勾,浏览到 logonApp 目录,点击 Next。出现一个新的窗口,在 Source tab
上点击 Add Folder,添加 $APP_BASE/src,在 Default output folder 中填入
$APP_BASE/WEB-INF/classes,点击 Finish。点击 Window -> Open Perspective ->
Resource,看看 .project 文件是否已经自动包含了 lib 目录中所有的 jar 文件。
你的 logonApp/WEB-INF/web.xml 应该如下所示:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE web-app
PUBLIC "-//Sun Microsystems, Inc.//DTD Web Application 2.3//EN"
"http://java.sun.com/j2ee/dtds/web-app_2_3.dtd">
<web-app>
<!-- Action Servlet Configuration -->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>action</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>config</param-name>
<param-value>/WEB-INF/struts-config.xml</param-value>
</init-param>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<!-- Action Servlet Mapping -->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>action</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>*.do</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<!-- The Welcome File List -->
<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>
<!-- Struts Tag Library Descriptors -->
<taglib>
<taglib-uri>/WEB-INF/struts-bean.tld</taglib-uri>
<taglib-location>/WEB-INF/struts-bean.tld</taglib-location>
</taglib>
<taglib>
<taglib-uri>/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld</taglib-uri>
<taglib-location>/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld</taglib-location>
</taglib>
<taglib>
<taglib-uri>/WEB-INF/struts-logic.tld</taglib-uri>
<taglib-location>/WEB-INF/struts-logic.tld</taglib-location>
</taglib>
</web-app>
Struts 的配置文件 logonApp/WEB-INF/struts-config.xml 如下:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1" ?>
<!DOCTYPE struts-config PUBLIC
"-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 1.1//EN"
"http://jakarta.apache.org/struts/dtds/struts-config_1_1.dtd">
<struts-config>
<form-beans>
<form-bean name="logonForm"
type="org.apache.struts.validator.DynaValidatorForm">
<form-property name="username" type="java.lang.String"/>
<form-property name="password" type="java.lang.String"/>
</form-bean>
</form-beans>
<global-forwards>
<forward name="success" path="/main.jsp"/>
<forward name="logoff" path="/logoff.do"/>
</global-forwards>
<action-mappings>
<action path="/logon"
type="org.monotonous.struts.LogonAction"
name="logonForm"
scope="session"
input="logon">
</action>
<action path="/logoff"
type="org.monotonous.struts.LogoffAction">
<forward name="success" path="/index.jsp"/>
</action>
</action-mappings>
<controller>
<!-- The "input" parameter on "action" elements is the name of a
local or global "forward" rather than a module-relative path -->
<set-property property="inputForward" value="true"/>
</controller>
<message-resources parameter="org.monotonous.struts.ApplicationResources"/>
</struts-config>
创建 View
现在回到 Eclipse,建立一个新页面 index.jsp: <%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-bean.tld" prefix="bean" %>
<%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld" prefix="html" %>
<html:html locale="true">
<head>
<title><bean:message key="index.title" /></title>
<html:base/>
</head>
<body>
<html:errors/>
<html:form action="/logon">
<bean:message key="prompt.username"/>
<html:text property="username"/>
<br/>
<bean:message key="prompt.password"/>
<html:password property="password"/>
<br/>
<html:submit>
<bean:message key="index.logon"/>
</html:submit>
</html:form>
</body>
</html:html>
成功登录后的页面 main.jsp:
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-bean.tld" prefix="bean" %>
<%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld" prefix="html" %>
<html:html>
<head>
<title><bean:message key="main.title"/></title>
<html:base/>
</head>
<body>
<html:link forward="logoff">
<bean:message key="main.logoff"/>
</html:link>
</body>
</html:html>
你可能注意到这两个页面中都使用了方便国际化的特性,这至少需要一个默认的属性文件 ApplicationResources.properties:
index.title=Struts Homepage
prompt.username=Username
prompt.password=Password
index.logon=Log on
main.title=Struts Main page
main.logoff=Log off
error.password.mismatch=Invalid username and/or password.
创建 Controller
LogonAction.java:
package org.monotonous.struts;
import java.util.Locale;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import org.apache.struts.action.Action;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionError;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionErrors;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForward;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionMapping;
import org.apache.struts.util.MessageResources;
import org.apache.commons.beanutils.PropertyUtils;
public final class LogonAction extends Action {
public ActionForward execute(
ActionMapping mapping,
ActionForm form,
HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws Exception {
Locale locale = getLocale(request);
MessageResources messages = getResources(request);
// Validate the request parameters specified by the user
ActionErrors errors = new ActionErrors();
String username =
(String) PropertyUtils.getSimpleProperty(form, "username");
String password =
(String) PropertyUtils.getSimpleProperty(form, "password");
if ((username != "foo") || (password != "bar"))
errors.add(ActionErrors.GLOBAL_ERROR,
new ActionError("error.password.mismatch"));
// Report any errors we have discovered back to the original form
if (!errors.isEmpty()) {
saveErrors(request, errors);
return (mapping.getInputForward());
}
// Save our logged-in user in the session
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
// Do something with session...
// Remove the obsolete form bean
if (mapping.getAttribute() != null) {
if ("request".equals(mapping.getScope()))
request.removeAttribute(mapping.getAttribute());
else
session.removeAttribute(mapping.getAttribute());
}
// Forward control to the specified success URI
return (mapping.findForward("success"));
}
}
LogoffAction.java:
package org.monotonous.struts;
import java.util.Locale;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import org.apache.struts.action.Action;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForward;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionMapping;
import org.apache.struts.util.MessageResources;
public final class LogoffAction extends Action {
public ActionForward execute(
ActionMapping mapping,
ActionForm form,
HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws Exception {
Locale locale = getLocale(request);
MessageResources messages = getResources(request);
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
session.removeAttribute("userattrib");
session.invalidate();
// Forward control to the specified success URI
return (mapping.findForward("success"));
}
}
到浏览器里面欣赏一下吧,不过还不到开香槟的时候,也许你应该为这个应用考虑一些安全措施,下一次我再讲咯。