实例学习 Struts|http://www.sentom.net

J2EE

实例学习 Struts

作者:胡海生 Email:hanson at silentme dot net
网站:http://vip.6to23.com/hanson/ 申明:未经作者同意,谢绝转载。

选用纯 JSP 还是纯 Servlet 设计站点都有它的局限性,Struts 就是把它们联系在一起的一种有力工具。采用 Struts 能开发出基于 MVC 模式的应用,关于 MVC 的概念可以参见 GoF 的《设计模式——可复用面向对象软件的基础》。

你现在要做的是,下载、安装、配置好以下的工具,版本不同的话操作可能会有些差异,具体的看它们的文档吧:

  • Tomcat 4.1.24
  • Apache 2.0.43, w/ mod_jk2 2.0.43
  • Java 2 SDK Standard Edition 1.4.0
  • Struts 1.1
  • Eclipse 2.1.0

    Struts 是用 Java 写的,应此它需要 JDK 1.2 或者更高版本。如果你用的是 JDK 1.4,就像我,XML parser 和 JDBC 2.0 Optional Package Binary 就已经被默认的包含了。

    新项目

    在这个例程中我们要开发一个简单的 web 应用,允许用户登录和注销。简单起见,数据被设定为常数,而不是保存在数据库中,毕竟这里要讲的是 Struts,而不是 Java。

    首先在你的 Tomcat 配置的应用主目录中创建一个目录,比方说 logonApp。在 logonApp 中创建目录 src 和 WEB-INF,在 WEB-INF 中创建目录 classes 和 lib,从 Struts 的分发中拷贝 struts.jar 到 lib 目录,而且也把拷贝 $CATALINA_HOME/common/lib/servlets.jar 到 lib 目录。从 Struts 的分发中拷贝所有的 struts*.tld 到 WEB-INF 目录。

    现在打开 Eclipse,你会看到四个 view。现在我们要建立一个新的项目,点击 File -> New Project,打开了一个窗口,在第一个窗格中选择 Java,在第二个窗格中选择 Java Project,点击 Next。输入项目名称(为了好记,就也叫 logonApp 吧),去掉 use default 复选框的对勾,浏览到 logonApp 目录,点击 Next。出现一个新的窗口,在 Source tab 上点击 Add Folder,添加 $APP_BASE/src,在 Default output folder 中填入 $APP_BASE/WEB-INF/classes,点击 Finish。点击 Window -> Open Perspective -> Resource,看看 .project 文件是否已经自动包含了 lib 目录中所有的 jar 文件。

    你的 logonApp/WEB-INF/web.xml 应该如下所示:

    <?xml version="1.0"?>
    <!DOCTYPE web-app
      PUBLIC "-//Sun Microsystems, Inc.//DTD Web Application 2.3//EN"
      "http://java.sun.com/j2ee/dtds/web-app_2_3.dtd">
    
    <web-app>
      <!-- Action Servlet Configuration -->
      <servlet>
        <servlet-name>action</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet</servlet-class>
        <init-param>
          <param-name>config</param-name>
          <param-value>/WEB-INF/struts-config.xml</param-value>
        </init-param>
        <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
      </servlet>
    
      <!-- Action Servlet Mapping -->
      <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>action</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>*.do</url-pattern>
      </servlet-mapping>
    
      <!-- The Welcome File List -->
      <welcome-file-list>
        <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
      </welcome-file-list>
    
      <!-- Struts Tag Library Descriptors -->
      <taglib>
        <taglib-uri>/WEB-INF/struts-bean.tld</taglib-uri>
        <taglib-location>/WEB-INF/struts-bean.tld</taglib-location>
      </taglib>
    
      <taglib>
        <taglib-uri>/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld</taglib-uri>
        <taglib-location>/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld</taglib-location>
      </taglib>
    
      <taglib>
        <taglib-uri>/WEB-INF/struts-logic.tld</taglib-uri>
        <taglib-location>/WEB-INF/struts-logic.tld</taglib-location>
      </taglib>
    </web-app>
    

    Struts 的配置文件 logonApp/WEB-INF/struts-config.xml 如下:

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1" ?>
    <!DOCTYPE struts-config PUBLIC
              "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 1.1//EN"
              "http://jakarta.apache.org/struts/dtds/struts-config_1_1.dtd">
    
    <struts-config>
      <form-beans>
        <form-bean name="logonForm" 
          type="org.apache.struts.validator.DynaValidatorForm">
          <form-property name="username" type="java.lang.String"/>
          <form-property name="password" type="java.lang.String"/>
        </form-bean>
      </form-beans>
    
      <global-forwards>
        <forward   name="success"              path="/main.jsp"/>
        <forward   name="logoff"               path="/logoff.do"/>
      </global-forwards>
    
      <action-mappings>
        <action    path="/logon"
                   type="org.monotonous.struts.LogonAction"
                   name="logonForm"
                   scope="session"
                   input="logon">
        </action>
    
        <action    path="/logoff"
                   type="org.monotonous.struts.LogoffAction">
          <forward name="success"              path="/index.jsp"/>
        </action>
      </action-mappings>
    
      <controller>
        <!-- The "input" parameter on "action" elements is the name of a
             local or global "forward" rather than a module-relative path -->
        <set-property property="inputForward" value="true"/>
      </controller>
    
      <message-resources parameter="org.monotonous.struts.ApplicationResources"/>
    </struts-config>
    

    创建 View

    现在回到 Eclipse,建立一个新页面 index.jsp:
    <%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
    <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-bean.tld" prefix="bean" %>
    <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld" prefix="html" %>
    
    <html:html locale="true">
    <head>
      <title><bean:message key="index.title" /></title>
      <html:base/>
    </head>
    
    <body>
    <html:errors/>
    <html:form action="/logon">
      <bean:message key="prompt.username"/>
      <html:text property="username"/>
      <br/>
      <bean:message key="prompt.password"/>
      <html:password property="password"/>
      <br/>
      <html:submit>
        <bean:message key="index.logon"/>
      </html:submit>
    </html:form>
    </body>
    </html:html>
    

    成功登录后的页面 main.jsp:

    <%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
    <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-bean.tld" prefix="bean" %>
    <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld" prefix="html" %>
    
    <html:html>
    <head>
      <title><bean:message key="main.title"/></title>
      <html:base/>
    </head>
    <body>
    <html:link forward="logoff">
    <bean:message key="main.logoff"/>
    </html:link>
    </body>
    </html:html>
    

    你可能注意到这两个页面中都使用了方便国际化的特性,这至少需要一个默认的属性文件 ApplicationResources.properties:

    index.title=Struts Homepage
    prompt.username=Username
    prompt.password=Password
    index.logon=Log on
    main.title=Struts Main page
    main.logoff=Log off
    error.password.mismatch=Invalid username and/or password.
    

    创建 Controller

    LogonAction.java:

    package org.monotonous.struts;
    
    import java.util.Locale;
    import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
    import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
    import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
    import org.apache.struts.action.Action;
    import org.apache.struts.action.ActionError;
    import org.apache.struts.action.ActionErrors;
    import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm;
    import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForward;
    import org.apache.struts.action.ActionMapping;
    import org.apache.struts.util.MessageResources;
    import org.apache.commons.beanutils.PropertyUtils;
    
    public final class LogonAction extends Action {
        public ActionForward execute(
            ActionMapping mapping,
            ActionForm form,
            HttpServletRequest request,
            HttpServletResponse response)
            throws Exception {
            Locale locale = getLocale(request);
            MessageResources messages = getResources(request);
    
            // Validate the request parameters specified by the user
            ActionErrors errors = new ActionErrors();
            String username =
                (String) PropertyUtils.getSimpleProperty(form, "username");
            String password =
                (String) PropertyUtils.getSimpleProperty(form, "password");
    
            if ((username != "foo") || (password != "bar"))
                errors.add(ActionErrors.GLOBAL_ERROR,
                    new ActionError("error.password.mismatch"));
    
            // Report any errors we have discovered back to the original form
            if (!errors.isEmpty()) {
                saveErrors(request, errors);
                return (mapping.getInputForward());
            }
    
            // Save our logged-in user in the session
            HttpSession session = request.getSession();
            // Do something with session...
    
            // Remove the obsolete form bean
            if (mapping.getAttribute() != null) {
                if ("request".equals(mapping.getScope()))
                    request.removeAttribute(mapping.getAttribute());
                else
                    session.removeAttribute(mapping.getAttribute());
            }
    
            // Forward control to the specified success URI
            return (mapping.findForward("success"));
        }
    }
    

    LogoffAction.java:

    package org.monotonous.struts;
    
    import java.util.Locale;
    import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
    import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
    import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
    import org.apache.struts.action.Action;
    import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm;
    import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForward;
    import org.apache.struts.action.ActionMapping;
    import org.apache.struts.util.MessageResources;
    
    public final class LogoffAction extends Action {
        public ActionForward execute(
            ActionMapping mapping,
            ActionForm form,
            HttpServletRequest request,
            HttpServletResponse response)
            throws Exception {
    
            Locale locale = getLocale(request);
            MessageResources messages = getResources(request);
            HttpSession session = request.getSession();
    
            session.removeAttribute("userattrib");
            session.invalidate();
    
            // Forward control to the specified success URI
            return (mapping.findForward("success"));
        }
    }
    

    到浏览器里面欣赏一下吧,不过还不到开香槟的时候,也许你应该为这个应用考虑一些安全措施,下一次我再讲咯。