1. Choice of mean ionization potentials:

EPMA Probe

1. Choice of mean ionization potentials:

1 … Mean Ionization of Berger-Seltzer

2 … Mean Ionization of Duncumb-Da Casa

3 … Mean Ionization of Ruste and Zeller

4 … Mean Ionization of Springer

5 … Mean Ionization of Wilson

6 … Mean Ionization of Heinrich

7 … Mean Ionization of Bloch (Love-Scott)

8 … Mean Ionization of Armstrong (Springer-Berger)

9 … Mean Ionization of Joy (Wilson-Berger)

 

Calculation #2 should only be used if the Philibert (#1) absorption correction and Duncumb-Reed atomic number (#1) correction are employed. Selection #1 is the default.