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Python Module Index
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| _ | ||
| __future__ | Future statement definitions | |
| __main__ | The environment where the top-level script is run. | |
| _dummy_thread | Drop-in replacement for the _thread module. | |
| _thread | Low-level threading API. | |
| a | ||
| abc | Abstract base classes according to PEP 3119. | |
| aifc | Read and write audio files in AIFF or AIFC format. | |
| argparse | Command-line option and argument parsing library. | |
| array | Space efficient arrays of uniformly typed numeric values. | |
| ast | Abstract Syntax Tree classes and manipulation. | |
| asynchat | Support for asynchronous command/response protocols. | |
| asyncio | Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks. | |
| asyncore | A base class for developing asynchronous socket handling services. | |
| atexit | Register and execute cleanup functions. | |
| audioop | Manipulate raw audio data. | |
| b | ||
| base64 | RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings; Base85 and Ascii85 | |
| bdb | Debugger framework. | |
| binascii | Tools for converting between binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations. | |
| binhex | Encode and decode files in binhex4 format. | |
| bisect | Array bisection algorithms for binary searching. | |
| builtins | The module that provides the built-in namespace. | |
| bz2 | Interfaces for bzip2 compression and decompression. | |
| c | ||
| calendar | Functions for working with calendars, including some emulation of the Unix cal program. | |
| cgi | Helpers for running Python scripts via the Common Gateway Interface. | |
| cgitb | Configurable traceback handler for CGI scripts. | |
| chunk | Module to read IFF chunks. | |
| cmath | Mathematical functions for complex numbers. | |
| cmd | Build line-oriented command interpreters. | |
| code | Facilities to implement read-eval-print loops. | |
| codecs | Encode and decode data and streams. | |
| codeop | Compile (possibly incomplete) Python code. | |
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collections | Container datatypes |
| collections.abc | Abstract base classes for containers | |
| colorsys | Conversion functions between RGB and other color systems. | |
| compileall | Tools for byte-compiling all Python source files in a directory tree. | |
|
concurrent | |
| concurrent.futures | Execute computations concurrently using threads or processes. | |
| configparser | Configuration file parser. | |
| contextlib | Utilities for with-statement contexts. | |
| copy | Shallow and deep copy operations. | |
| copyreg | Register pickle support functions. | |
| cProfile | ||
| crypt (Unix) | The crypt() function used to check Unix passwords. | |
| csv | Write and read tabular data to and from delimited files. | |
| ctypes | A foreign function library for Python. | |
|
curses (Unix) | An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling. |
| curses.ascii | Constants and set-membership functions for ASCII characters. | |
| curses.panel | A panel stack extension that adds depth to curses windows. | |
| curses.textpad | Emacs-like input editing in a curses window. | |
| d | ||
| datetime | Basic date and time types. | |
|
dbm | Interfaces to various Unix "database" formats. |
| dbm.dumb | Portable implementation of the simple DBM interface. | |
| dbm.gnu (Unix) | GNU's reinterpretation of dbm. | |
| dbm.ndbm (Unix) | The standard "database" interface, based on ndbm. | |
| decimal | Implementation of the General Decimal Arithmetic Specification. | |
| difflib | Helpers for computing differences between objects. | |
| dis | Disassembler for Python bytecode. | |
|
distutils | Support for building and installing Python modules into an existing Python installation. |
| distutils.archive_util | Utility functions for creating archive files (tarballs, zip files, ...) | |
| distutils.bcppcompiler | ||
| distutils.ccompiler | Abstract CCompiler class | |
| distutils.cmd | This module provides the abstract base class Command. This class is subclassed by the modules in the distutils.command subpackage. | |
| distutils.command | This subpackage contains one module for each standard Distutils command. | |
| distutils.command.bdist | Build a binary installer for a package | |
| distutils.command.bdist_dumb | Build a "dumb" installer - a simple archive of files | |
| distutils.command.bdist_msi | Build a binary distribution as a Windows MSI file | |
| distutils.command.bdist_packager | Abstract base class for packagers | |
| distutils.command.bdist_rpm | Build a binary distribution as a Redhat RPM and SRPM | |
| distutils.command.bdist_wininst | Build a Windows installer | |
| distutils.command.build | Build all files of a package | |
| distutils.command.build_clib | Build any C libraries in a package | |
| distutils.command.build_ext | Build any extensions in a package | |
| distutils.command.build_py | Build the .py/.pyc files of a package | |
| distutils.command.build_scripts | Build the scripts of a package | |
| distutils.command.check | Check the metadata of a package | |
| distutils.command.clean | Clean a package build area | |
| distutils.command.config | Perform package configuration | |
| distutils.command.install | Install a package | |
| distutils.command.install_data | Install data files from a package | |
| distutils.command.install_headers | Install C/C++ header files from a package | |
| distutils.command.install_lib | Install library files from a package | |
| distutils.command.install_scripts | Install script files from a package | |
| distutils.command.register | Register a module with the Python Package Index | |
| distutils.command.sdist | Build a source distribution | |
| distutils.core | The core Distutils functionality | |
| distutils.cygwinccompiler | ||
| distutils.debug | Provides the debug flag for distutils | |
| distutils.dep_util | Utility functions for simple dependency checking | |
| distutils.dir_util | Utility functions for operating on directories and directory trees | |
| distutils.dist | Provides the Distribution class, which represents the module distribution being built/installed/distributed | |
| distutils.errors | Provides standard distutils exceptions | |
| distutils.extension | Provides the Extension class, used to describe C/C++ extension modules in setup scripts | |
| distutils.fancy_getopt | Additional getopt functionality | |
| distutils.file_util | Utility functions for operating on single files | |
| distutils.filelist | The FileList class, used for poking about the file system and building lists of files. | |
| distutils.log | A simple logging mechanism, 282-style | |
| distutils.msvccompiler | Microsoft Compiler | |
| distutils.spawn | Provides the spawn() function | |
| distutils.sysconfig | Low-level access to configuration information of the Python interpreter. | |
| distutils.text_file | provides the TextFile class, a simple interface to text files | |
| distutils.unixccompiler | UNIX C Compiler | |
| distutils.util | Miscellaneous other utility functions | |
| distutils.version | implements classes that represent module version numbers. | |
| doctest | Test pieces of code within docstrings. | |
| dummy_threading | Drop-in replacement for the threading module. | |
| e | ||
|
Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages, including MIME documents. | |
| email.charset | Character Sets | |
| email.contentmanager | Storing and Retrieving Content from MIME Parts | |
| email.encoders | Encoders for email message payloads. | |
| email.errors | The exception classes used by the email package. | |
| email.generator | Generate flat text email messages from a message structure. | |
| email.header | Representing non-ASCII headers | |
| email.headerregistry | Automatic Parsing of headers based on the field name | |
| email.iterators | Iterate over a message object tree. | |
| email.message | The base class representing email messages. | |
| email.mime | Build MIME messages. | |
| email.parser | Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure. | |
| email.policy | Controlling the parsing and generating of messages | |
| email.utils | Miscellaneous email package utilities. | |
|
encodings | |
| encodings.idna | Internationalized Domain Names implementation | |
| encodings.mbcs | Windows ANSI codepage | |
| encodings.utf_8_sig | UTF-8 codec with BOM signature | |
| ensurepip | Bootstrapping the "pip" installer into an existing Python installation or virtual environment. | |
| enum | Implementation of an enumeration class. | |
| errno | Standard errno system symbols. | |
| f | ||
| faulthandler | Dump the Python traceback. | |
| fcntl (Unix) | The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls. | |
| filecmp | Compare files efficiently. | |
| fileinput | Loop over standard input or a list of files. | |
| fnmatch | Unix shell style filename pattern matching. | |
| formatter | Deprecated: Generic output formatter and device interface. | |
| fpectl (Unix) | Provide control for floating point exception handling. | |
| fractions | Rational numbers. | |
| ftplib | FTP protocol client (requires sockets). | |
| functools | Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects. | |
| g | ||
| gc | Interface to the cycle-detecting garbage collector. | |
| getopt | Portable parser for command line options; support both short and long option names. | |
| getpass | Portable reading of passwords and retrieval of the userid. | |
| gettext | Multilingual internationalization services. | |
| glob | Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion. | |
| grp (Unix) | The group database (getgrnam() and friends). | |
| gzip | Interfaces for gzip compression and decompression using file objects. | |
| h | ||
| hashlib | Secure hash and message digest algorithms. | |
| heapq | Heap queue algorithm (a.k.a. priority queue). | |
| hmac | Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication (HMAC) implementation | |
|
html | Helpers for manipulating HTML. |
| html.entities | Definitions of HTML general entities. | |
| html.parser | A simple parser that can handle HTML and XHTML. | |
|
http | |
| http.client | HTTP and HTTPS protocol client (requires sockets). | |
| http.cookiejar | Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies. | |
| http.cookies | Support for HTTP state management (cookies). | |
| http.server | HTTP server and request handlers. | |
| i | ||
| imaplib | IMAP4 protocol client (requires sockets). | |
| imghdr | Determine the type of image contained in a file or byte stream. | |
| imp | Deprecated: Access the implementation of the import statement. | |
|
importlib | The implementation of the import machinery. |
| importlib.abc | Abstract base classes related to import | |
| importlib.machinery | Importers and path hooks | |
| importlib.util | Utility code for importers | |
| inspect | Extract information and source code from live objects. | |
| io | Core tools for working with streams. | |
| ipaddress | IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library. | |
| itertools | Functions creating iterators for efficient looping. | |
| j | ||
| json | Encode and decode the JSON format. | |
| k | ||
| keyword | Test whether a string is a keyword in Python. | |
| l | ||
| lib2to3 | the 2to3 library | |
| linecache | This module provides random access to individual lines from text files. | |
| locale | Internationalization services. | |
|
logging | Flexible event logging system for applications. |
| logging.config | Configuration of the logging module. | |
| logging.handlers | Handlers for the logging module. | |
| lzma | A Python wrapper for the liblzma compression library. | |
| m | ||
| macpath | Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions. | |
| mailbox | Manipulate mailboxes in various formats | |
| mailcap | Mailcap file handling. | |
| marshal | Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back (with different constraints). | |
| math | Mathematical functions (sin() etc.). | |
| mimetypes | Mapping of filename extensions to MIME types. | |
| mmap | Interface to memory-mapped files for Unix and Windows. | |
| modulefinder | Find modules used by a script. | |
| msilib (Windows) | Creation of Microsoft Installer files, and CAB files. | |
| msvcrt (Windows) | Miscellaneous useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime. | |
|
multiprocessing | Process-based parallelism. |
| multiprocessing.connection | API for dealing with sockets. | |
| multiprocessing.dummy | Dumb wrapper around threading. | |
| multiprocessing.managers | Share data between process with shared objects. | |
| multiprocessing.pool | Create pools of processes. | |
| multiprocessing.sharedctypes | Allocate ctypes objects from shared memory. | |
| n | ||
| netrc | Loading of .netrc files. | |
| nis (Unix) | Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages) library. | |
| nntplib | NNTP protocol client (requires sockets). | |
| numbers | Numeric abstract base classes (Complex, Real, Integral, etc.). | |
| o | ||
| operator | Functions corresponding to the standard operators. | |
| optparse | Deprecated: Command-line option parsing library. | |
|
os | Miscellaneous operating system interfaces. |
| os.path | Operations on pathnames. | |
| ossaudiodev (Linux, FreeBSD) | Access to OSS-compatible audio devices. | |
| p | ||
| parser | Access parse trees for Python source code. | |
| pathlib | Object-oriented filesystem paths | |
| pdb | The Python debugger for interactive interpreters. | |
| pickle | Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back. | |
| pickletools | Contains extensive comments about the pickle protocols and pickle-machine opcodes, as well as some useful functions. | |
| pipes (Unix) | A Python interface to Unix shell pipelines. | |
| pkgutil | Utilities for the import system. | |
| platform | Retrieves as much platform identifying data as possible. | |
| plistlib | Generate and parse Mac OS X plist files. | |
| poplib | POP3 protocol client (requires sockets). | |
| posix (Unix) | The most common POSIX system calls (normally used via module os). | |
| pprint | Data pretty printer. | |
| profile | Python source profiler. | |
| pstats | Statistics object for use with the profiler. | |
| pty (Linux) | Pseudo-Terminal Handling for Linux. | |
| pwd (Unix) | The password database (getpwnam() and friends). | |
| py_compile | Generate byte-code files from Python source files. | |
| pyclbr | Supports information extraction for a Python class browser. | |
| pydoc | Documentation generator and online help system. | |
| q | ||
| queue | A synchronized queue class. | |
| quopri | Encode and decode files using the MIME quoted-printable encoding. | |
| r | ||
| random | Generate pseudo-random numbers with various common distributions. | |
| re | Regular expression operations. | |
| readline (Unix) | GNU readline support for Python. | |
| reprlib | Alternate repr() implementation with size limits. | |
| resource (Unix) | An interface to provide resource usage information on the current process. | |
| rlcompleter | Python identifier completion, suitable for the GNU readline library. | |
| runpy | Locate and run Python modules without importing them first. | |
| s | ||
| sched | General purpose event scheduler. | |
| select | Wait for I/O completion on multiple streams. | |
| selectors | High-level I/O multiplexing. | |
| shelve | Python object persistence. | |
| shlex | Simple lexical analysis for Unix shell-like languages. | |
| shutil | High-level file operations, including copying. | |
| signal | Set handlers for asynchronous events. | |
| site | Module responsible for site-specific configuration. | |
| smtpd | A SMTP server implementation in Python. | |
| smtplib | SMTP protocol client (requires sockets). | |
| sndhdr | Determine type of a sound file. | |
| socket | Low-level networking interface. | |
| socketserver | A framework for network servers. | |
| spwd (Unix) | The shadow password database (getspnam() and friends). | |
| sqlite3 | A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x. | |
| ssl | TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects | |
| stat | Utilities for interpreting the results of os.stat(), os.lstat() and os.fstat(). | |
| statistics | mathematical statistics functions | |
| string | Common string operations. | |
| stringprep | String preparation, as per RFC 3453 | |
| struct | Interpret bytes as packed binary data. | |
| subprocess | Subprocess management. | |
| sunau | Provide an interface to the Sun AU sound format. | |
| symbol | Constants representing internal nodes of the parse tree. | |
| symtable | Interface to the compiler's internal symbol tables. | |
| sys | Access system-specific parameters and functions. | |
| sysconfig | Python's configuration information | |
| syslog (Unix) | An interface to the Unix syslog library routines. | |
| t | ||
| tabnanny | Tool for detecting white space related problems in Python source files in a directory tree. | |
| tarfile | Read and write tar-format archive files. | |
| telnetlib | Telnet client class. | |
| tempfile | Generate temporary files and directories. | |
| termios (Unix) | POSIX style tty control. | |
|
test | Regression tests package containing the testing suite for Python. |
| test.support | Support for Python's regression test suite. | |
| textwrap | Text wrapping and filling | |
| threading | Thread-based parallelism. | |
| time | Time access and conversions. | |
| timeit | Measure the execution time of small code snippets. | |
|
tkinter | Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces |
| tkinter.scrolledtext (Tk) | Text widget with a vertical scroll bar. | |
| tkinter.tix | Tk Extension Widgets for Tkinter | |
| tkinter.ttk | Tk themed widget set | |
| token | Constants representing terminal nodes of the parse tree. | |
| tokenize | Lexical scanner for Python source code. | |
| trace | Trace or track Python statement execution. | |
| traceback | Print or retrieve a stack traceback. | |
| tracemalloc | Trace memory allocations. | |
| tty (Unix) | Utility functions that perform common terminal control operations. | |
| turtle | An educational framework for simple graphics applications | |
| turtledemo | A viewer for example turtle scripts | |
| types | Names for built-in types. | |
| u | ||
| unicodedata | Access the Unicode Database. | |
|
unittest | Unit testing framework for Python. |
| unittest.mock | Mock object library. | |
|
urllib | |
| urllib.error | Exception classes raised by urllib.request. | |
| urllib.parse | Parse URLs into or assemble them from components. | |
| urllib.request | Extensible library for opening URLs. | |
| urllib.response | Response classes used by urllib. | |
| urllib.robotparser | Load a robots.txt file and answer questions about fetchability of other URLs. | |
| uu | Encode and decode files in uuencode format. | |
| uuid | UUID objects (universally unique identifiers) according to RFC 4122 | |
| v | ||
| venv | Creation of virtual environments. | |
| w | ||
| warnings | Issue warning messages and control their disposition. | |
| wave | Provide an interface to the WAV sound format. | |
| weakref | Support for weak references and weak dictionaries. | |
| webbrowser | Easy-to-use controller for Web browsers. | |
| winreg (Windows) | Routines and objects for manipulating the Windows registry. | |
| winsound (Windows) | Access to the sound-playing machinery for Windows. | |
|
wsgiref | WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation. |
| wsgiref.handlers | WSGI server/gateway base classes. | |
| wsgiref.headers | WSGI response header tools. | |
| wsgiref.simple_server | A simple WSGI HTTP server. | |
| wsgiref.util | WSGI environment utilities. | |
| wsgiref.validate | WSGI conformance checker. | |
| x | ||
| xdrlib | Encoders and decoders for the External Data Representation (XDR). | |
|
xml | Package containing XML processing modules |
| xml.dom | Document Object Model API for Python. | |
| xml.dom.minidom | Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation. | |
| xml.dom.pulldom | Support for building partial DOM trees from SAX events. | |
| xml.etree.ElementTree | Implementation of the ElementTree API. | |
| xml.parsers.expat | An interface to the Expat non-validating XML parser. | |
| xml.parsers.expat.errors | ||
| xml.parsers.expat.model | ||
| xml.sax | Package containing SAX2 base classes and convenience functions. | |
| xml.sax.handler | Base classes for SAX event handlers. | |
| xml.sax.saxutils | Convenience functions and classes for use with SAX. | |
| xml.sax.xmlreader | Interface which SAX-compliant XML parsers must implement. | |
|
xmlrpc | |
| xmlrpc.client | XML-RPC client access. | |
| xmlrpc.server | Basic XML-RPC server implementations. | |
| z | ||
| zipfile | Read and write ZIP-format archive files. | |
| zipimport | support for importing Python modules from ZIP archives. | |
| zlib | Low-level interface to compression and decompression routines compatible with gzip. |