Navigation
17.1. subprocess — Subprocess management
New in version 2.4.
The subprocess module allows you to spawn new processes, connect to their input/output/error pipes, and obtain their return codes. This module intends to replace several other, older modules and functions, such as:
os.system os.spawn* os.popen* popen2.* commands.*
Information about how the subprocess module can be used to replace these modules and functions can be found in the following sections.
See also
PEP 324 – PEP proposing the subprocess module
17.1.1. Using the subprocess Module
This module defines one class called Popen:
- class subprocess.Popen(args, bufsize=0, executable=None, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, preexec_fn=None, close_fds=False, shell=False, cwd=None, env=None, universal_newlines=False, startupinfo=None, creationflags=0)
Arguments are:
args should be a string, or a sequence of program arguments. The program to execute is normally the first item in the args sequence or the string if a string is given, but can be explicitly set by using the executable argument. When executable is given, the first item in the args sequence is still treated by most programs as the command name, which can then be different from the actual executable name. On Unix, it becomes the display name for the executing program in utilities such as ps.
On Unix, with shell=False (default): In this case, the Popen class uses os.execvp() to execute the child program. args should normally be a sequence. If a string is specified for args, it will be used as the name or path of the program to execute; this will only work if the program is being given no arguments.
Note
shlex.split() can be useful when determining the correct tokenization for args, especially in complex cases:
>>> import shlex, subprocess >>> command_line = raw_input() /bin/vikings -input eggs.txt -output "spam spam.txt" -cmd "echo '$MONEY'" >>> args = shlex.split(command_line) >>> print args ['/bin/vikings', '-input', 'eggs.txt', '-output', 'spam spam.txt', '-cmd', "echo '$MONEY'"] >>> p = subprocess.Popen(args) # Success!
Note in particular that options (such as -input) and arguments (such as eggs.txt) that are separated by whitespace in the shell go in separate list elements, while arguments that need quoting or backslash escaping when used in the shell (such as filenames containing spaces or the echo command shown above) are single list elements.
On Unix, with shell=True: If args is a string, it specifies the command string to execute through the shell. This means that the string must be formatted exactly as it would be when typed at the shell prompt. This includes, for example, quoting or backslash escaping filenames with spaces in them. If args is a sequence, the first item specifies the command string, and any additional items will be treated as additional arguments to the shell itself. That is to say, Popen does the equivalent of:
Popen(['/bin/sh', '-c', args[0], args[1], ...])
On Windows: the Popen class uses CreateProcess() to execute the child program, which operates on strings. If args is a sequence, it will be converted to a string using the list2cmdline() method. Please note that not all MS Windows applications interpret the command line the same way: list2cmdline() is designed for applications using the same rules as the MS C runtime.
bufsize, if given, has the same meaning as the corresponding argument to the built-in open() function: 0 means unbuffered, 1 means line buffered, any other positive value means use a buffer of (approximately) that size. A negative bufsize means to use the system default, which usually means fully buffered. The default value for bufsize is 0 (unbuffered).
Note
If you experience performance issues, it is recommended that you try to enable buffering by setting bufsize to either -1 or a large enough positive value (such as 4096).
The executable argument specifies the program to execute. It is very seldom needed: Usually, the program to execute is defined by the args argument. If shell=True, the executable argument specifies which shell to use. On Unix, the default shell is /bin/sh. On Windows, the default shell is specified by the COMSPEC environment variable. The only reason you would need to specify shell=True on Windows is where the command you wish to execute is actually built in to the shell, eg dir, copy. You don’t need shell=True to run a batch file, nor to run a console-based executable.
stdin, stdout and stderr specify the executed programs’ standard input, standard output and standard error file handles, respectively. Valid values are PIPE, an existing file descriptor (a positive integer), an existing file object, and None. PIPE indicates that a new pipe to the child should be created. With None, no redirection will occur; the child’s file handles will be inherited from the parent. Additionally, stderr can be STDOUT, which indicates that the stderr data from the applications should be captured into the same file handle as for stdout.
If preexec_fn is set to a callable object, this object will be called in the child process just before the child is executed. (Unix only)
If close_fds is true, all file descriptors except 0, 1 and 2 will be closed before the child process is executed. (Unix only). Or, on Windows, if close_fds is true then no handles will be inherited by the child process. Note that on Windows, you cannot set close_fds to true and also redirect the standard handles by setting stdin, stdout or stderr.
If shell is True, the specified command will be executed through the shell.
If cwd is not None, the child’s current directory will be changed to cwd before it is executed. Note that this directory is not considered when searching the executable, so you can’t specify the program’s path relative to cwd.
If env is not None, it must be a mapping that defines the environment variables for the new process; these are used instead of inheriting the current process’ environment, which is the default behavior.
Note
If specified, env must provide any variables required for the program to execute. On Windows, in order to run a side-by-side assembly the specified env must include a valid SystemRoot.
If universal_newlines is True, the file objects stdout and stderr are opened as text files, but lines may be terminated by any of '\n', the Unix end-of-line convention, '\r', the old Macintosh convention or '\r\n', the Windows convention. All of these external representations are seen as '\n' by the Python program.
Note
This feature is only available if Python is built with universal newline support (the default). Also, the newlines attribute of the file objects stdout, stdin and stderr are not updated by the communicate() method.
The startupinfo and creationflags, if given, will be passed to the underlying CreateProcess() function. They can specify things such as appearance of the main window and priority for the new process. (Windows only)
- subprocess.PIPE
- Special value that can be used as the stdin, stdout or stderr argument to Popen and indicates that a pipe to the standard stream should be opened.
- subprocess.STDOUT
- Special value that can be used as the stderr argument to Popen and indicates that standard error should go into the same handle as standard output.
17.1.1.1. Convenience Functions
This module also defines two shortcut functions:
- subprocess.call(*popenargs, **kwargs)
Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete, then return the returncode attribute.
The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example:
>>> retcode = subprocess.call(["ls", "-l"])
Warning
Like Popen.wait(), this will deadlock when using stdout=PIPE and/or stderr=PIPE and the child process generates enough output to a pipe such that it blocks waiting for the OS pipe buffer to accept more data.
- subprocess.check_call(*popenargs, **kwargs)
Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete. If the exit code was zero then return, otherwise raise CalledProcessError. The CalledProcessError object will have the return code in the returncode attribute.
The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example:
>>> subprocess.check_call(["ls", "-l"]) 0
New in version 2.5.
Warning
See the warning for call().
- subprocess.check_output(*popenargs, **kwargs)
Run command with arguments and return its output as a byte string.
If the exit code was non-zero it raises a CalledProcessError. The CalledProcessError object will have the return code in the returncode attribute and output in the output attribute.
The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example:
>>> subprocess.check_output(["ls", "-l", "/dev/null"]) 'crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 Oct 18 2007 /dev/null\n'
The stdout argument is not allowed as it is used internally. To capture standard error in the result, use stderr=subprocess.STDOUT:
>>> subprocess.check_output( ... ["/bin/sh", "-c", "ls non_existent_file; exit 0"], ... stderr=subprocess.STDOUT) 'ls: non_existent_file: No such file or directory\n'
New in version 2.7.
17.1.1.2. Exceptions
Exceptions raised in the child process, before the new program has started to execute, will be re-raised in the parent. Additionally, the exception object will have one extra attribute called child_traceback, which is a string containing traceback information from the childs point of view.
The most common exception raised is OSError. This occurs, for example, when trying to execute a non-existent file. Applications should prepare for OSError exceptions.
A ValueError will be raised if Popen is called with invalid arguments.
check_call() will raise CalledProcessError, if the called process returns a non-zero return code.
17.1.1.3. Security
Unlike some other popen functions, this implementation will never call /bin/sh implicitly. This means that all characters, including shell metacharacters, can safely be passed to child processes.
17.1.2. Popen Objects
Instances of the Popen class have the following methods:
- Popen.poll()
- Check if child process has terminated. Set and return returncode attribute.
- Popen.wait()
Wait for child process to terminate. Set and return returncode attribute.
Warning
This will deadlock when using stdout=PIPE and/or stderr=PIPE and the child process generates enough output to a pipe such that it blocks waiting for the OS pipe buffer to accept more data. Use communicate() to avoid that.
- Popen.communicate(input=None)
Interact with process: Send data to stdin. Read data from stdout and stderr, until end-of-file is reached. Wait for process to terminate. The optional input argument should be a string to be sent to the child process, or None, if no data should be sent to the child.
communicate() returns a tuple (stdoutdata, stderrdata).
Note that if you want to send data to the process’s stdin, you need to create the Popen object with stdin=PIPE. Similarly, to get anything other than None in the result tuple, you need to give stdout=PIPE and/or stderr=PIPE too.
Note
The data read is buffered in memory, so do not use this method if the data size is large or unlimited.
- Popen.send_signal(signal)
Sends the signal signal to the child.
Note
On Windows, SIGTERM is an alias for terminate(). CTRL_C_EVENT and CTRL_BREAK_EVENT can be sent to processes started with a creationflags parameter which includes CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP.
New in version 2.6.
- Popen.terminate()
Stop the child. On Posix OSs the method sends SIGTERM to the child. On Windows the Win32 API function TerminateProcess() is called to stop the child.
New in version 2.6.
- Popen.kill()
Kills the child. On Posix OSs the function sends SIGKILL to the child. On Windows kill() is an alias for terminate().
New in version 2.6.
The following attributes are also available:
Warning
Use communicate() rather than .stdin.write, .stdout.read or .stderr.read to avoid deadlocks due to any of the other OS pipe buffers filling up and blocking the child process.
- Popen.stdin
- If the stdin argument was PIPE, this attribute is a file object that provides input to the child process. Otherwise, it is None.
- Popen.stdout
- If the stdout argument was PIPE, this attribute is a file object that provides output from the child process. Otherwise, it is None.
- Popen.stderr
- If the stderr argument was PIPE, this attribute is a file object that provides error output from the child process. Otherwise, it is None.
- Popen.pid
The process ID of the child process.
Note that if you set the shell argument to True, this is the process ID of the spawned shell.
- Popen.returncode
The child return code, set by poll() and wait() (and indirectly by communicate()). A None value indicates that the process hasn’t terminated yet.
A negative value -N indicates that the child was terminated by signal N (Unix only).
17.1.3. Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module
In this section, “a ==> b” means that b can be used as a replacement for a.
Note
All functions in this section fail (more or less) silently if the executed program cannot be found; this module raises an OSError exception.
In the following examples, we assume that the subprocess module is imported with “from subprocess import *”.
17.1.3.1. Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote
output=`mycmd myarg` ==> output = Popen(["mycmd", "myarg"], stdout=PIPE).communicate()[0]
17.1.3.2. Replacing shell pipeline
output=`dmesg | grep hda` ==> p1 = Popen(["dmesg"], stdout=PIPE) p2 = Popen(["grep", "hda"], stdin=p1.stdout, stdout=PIPE) output = p2.communicate()[0]
17.1.3.3. Replacing os.system()
sts = os.system("mycmd" + " myarg")
==>
p = Popen("mycmd" + " myarg", shell=True)
sts = os.waitpid(p.pid, 0)[1]
Notes:
- Calling the program through the shell is usually not required.
- It’s easier to look at the returncode attribute than the exit status.
A more realistic example would look like this:
try:
retcode = call("mycmd" + " myarg", shell=True)
if retcode < 0:
print >>sys.stderr, "Child was terminated by signal", -retcode
else:
print >>sys.stderr, "Child returned", retcode
except OSError, e:
print >>sys.stderr, "Execution failed:", e
17.1.3.4. Replacing the os.spawn family
P_NOWAIT example:
pid = os.spawnlp(os.P_NOWAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg") ==> pid = Popen(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"]).pid
P_WAIT example:
retcode = os.spawnlp(os.P_WAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg") ==> retcode = call(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"])
Vector example:
os.spawnvp(os.P_NOWAIT, path, args) ==> Popen([path] + args[1:])
Environment example:
os.spawnlpe(os.P_NOWAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg", env)
==>
Popen(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"], env={"PATH": "/usr/bin"})
17.1.3.5. Replacing os.popen(), os.popen2(), os.popen3()
pipe = os.popen("cmd", 'r', bufsize)
==>
pipe = Popen("cmd", shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdout=PIPE).stdout
pipe = os.popen("cmd", 'w', bufsize)
==>
pipe = Popen("cmd", shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE).stdin
(child_stdin, child_stdout) = os.popen2("cmd", mode, bufsize)
==>
p = Popen("cmd", shell=True, bufsize=bufsize,
stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, close_fds=True)
(child_stdin, child_stdout) = (p.stdin, p.stdout)
(child_stdin,
child_stdout,
child_stderr) = os.popen3("cmd", mode, bufsize)
==>
p = Popen("cmd", shell=True, bufsize=bufsize,
stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, close_fds=True)
(child_stdin,
child_stdout,
child_stderr) = (p.stdin, p.stdout, p.stderr)
(child_stdin, child_stdout_and_stderr) = os.popen4("cmd", mode,
bufsize)
==>
p = Popen("cmd", shell=True, bufsize=bufsize,
stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT, close_fds=True)
(child_stdin, child_stdout_and_stderr) = (p.stdin, p.stdout)
On Unix, os.popen2, os.popen3 and os.popen4 also accept a sequence as the command to execute, in which case arguments will be passed directly to the program without shell intervention. This usage can be replaced as follows:
(child_stdin, child_stdout) = os.popen2(["/bin/ls", "-l"], mode,
bufsize)
==>
p = Popen(["/bin/ls", "-l"], bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE)
(child_stdin, child_stdout) = (p.stdin, p.stdout)
Return code handling translates as follows:
pipe = os.popen("cmd", 'w')
...
rc = pipe.close()
if rc is not None and rc % 256:
print "There were some errors"
==>
process = Popen("cmd", 'w', shell=True, stdin=PIPE)
...
process.stdin.close()
if process.wait() != 0:
print "There were some errors"
17.1.3.6. Replacing functions from the popen2 module
(child_stdout, child_stdin) = popen2.popen2("somestring", bufsize, mode)
==>
p = Popen(["somestring"], shell=True, bufsize=bufsize,
stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, close_fds=True)
(child_stdout, child_stdin) = (p.stdout, p.stdin)
On Unix, popen2 also accepts a sequence as the command to execute, in which case arguments will be passed directly to the program without shell intervention. This usage can be replaced as follows:
(child_stdout, child_stdin) = popen2.popen2(["mycmd", "myarg"], bufsize,
mode)
==>
p = Popen(["mycmd", "myarg"], bufsize=bufsize,
stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, close_fds=True)
(child_stdout, child_stdin) = (p.stdout, p.stdin)
popen2.Popen3 and popen2.Popen4 basically work as subprocess.Popen, except that: