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Python Library Reference
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Release 2.4.4c1, documentation updated on 11 October 2006.
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Menu
Homepage
Table of contents
Main page
Global Module Index
What's New
1 PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects
2 PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
3 PEP 289: Generator Expressions
4 PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions
5 PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods
6 PEP 322: Reverse Iteration
7 PEP 324: New subprocess Module
8 PEP 327: Decimal Data Type
8.1 Why is Decimal needed?
8.2 The Decimal type
8.3 The Context type
9 PEP 328: Multi-line Imports
10 PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions
11 Other Language Changes
11.1 Optimizations
12 New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
12.1 cookielib
12.2 doctest
13 Build and C API Changes
13.1 Port-Specific Changes
14 Porting to Python 2.4
15 Acknowledgements
Tutorial
1. Whetting Your Appetite
2. Using the Python Interpreter
2.1 Invoking the Interpreter
2.1.1 Argument Passing
2.1.2 Interactive Mode
2.2 The Interpreter and Its Environment
2.2.1 Error Handling
2.2.2 Executable Python Scripts
2.2.3 Source Code Encoding
2.2.4 The Interactive Startup File
3. An Informal Introduction to Python
3.1 Using Python as a Calculator
3.1.1 Numbers
3.1.2 Strings
3.1.3 Unicode Strings
3.1.4 Lists
3.2 First Steps Towards Programming
4. More Control Flow Tools
4.1 if Statements
4.2 for Statements
4.3 The range() Function
4.4 break and continue Statements, and else Clauses on Loops
4.5 pass Statements
4.6 Defining Functions
4.7 More on Defining Functions
4.7.1 Default Argument Values
4.7.2 Keyword Arguments
4.7.3 Arbitrary Argument Lists
4.7.4 Unpacking Argument Lists
4.7.5 Lambda Forms
4.7.6 Documentation Strings
5. Data Structures
5.1 More on Lists
5.1.1 Using Lists as Stacks
5.1.2 Using Lists as Queues
5.1.3 Functional Programming Tools
5.1.4 List Comprehensions
5.2 The del statement
5.3 Tuples and Sequences
5.4 Sets
5.5 Dictionaries
5.6 Looping Techniques
5.7 More on Conditions
5.8 Comparing Sequences and Other Types
6. Modules
6.1 More on Modules
6.1.1 The Module Search Path
6.1.2 ``Compiled'' Python files
6.2 Standard Modules
6.3 The dir() Function
6.4 Packages
6.4.1 Importing * From a Package
6.4.2 Intra-package References
6.4.3 Packages in Multiple Directories
7. Input and Output
7.1 Fancier Output Formatting
7.2 Reading and Writing Files
7.2.1 Methods of File Objects
7.2.2 The pickle Module
8. Errors and Exceptions
8.1 Syntax Errors
8.2 Exceptions
8.3 Handling Exceptions
8.4 Raising Exceptions
8.5 User-defined Exceptions
8.6 Defining Clean-up Actions
9. Classes
9.1 A Word About Terminology
9.2 Python Scopes and Name Spaces
9.3 A First Look at Classes
9.3.1 Class Definition Syntax
9.3.2 Class Objects
9.3.3 Instance Objects
9.3.4 Method Objects
9.4 Random Remarks
9.5 Inheritance
9.5.1 Multiple Inheritance
9.6 Private Variables
9.7 Odds and Ends
9.8 Exceptions Are Classes Too
9.9 Iterators
9.10 Generators
9.11 Generator Expressions
10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library
10.1 Operating System Interface
10.2 File Wildcards
10.3 Command Line Arguments
10.4 Error Output Redirection and Program Termination
10.5 String Pattern Matching
10.6 Mathematics
10.7 Internet Access
10.8 Dates and Times
10.9 Data Compression
10.10 Performance Measurement
10.11 Quality Control
10.12 Batteries Included
11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library - Part II
11.1 Output Formatting
11.2 Templating
11.3 Working with Binary Data Record Layouts
11.4 Multi-threading
11.5 Logging
11.6 Weak References
11.7 Tools for Working with Lists
11.8 Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic
12. What Now?
A. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution
A.1 Line Editing
A.2 History Substitution
A.3 Key Bindings
A.4 Commentary
B. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations
B.1 Representation Error
C. History and License
C.1 History of the software
C.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
C.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
C.3.1 Mersenne Twister
C.3.2 Sockets
C.3.3 Floating point exception control
C.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
C.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
C.3.6 Cookie management
C.3.7 Profiling
C.3.8 Execution tracing
C.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
C.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
D. Glossary
Index
Library Reference
1. Introduction
2. Built-In Objects
2.1 Built-in Functions
2.2 Non-essential Built-in Functions
2.3 Built-in Types
2.3.1 Truth Value Testing
2.3.2 Boolean Operations -- and, or, not
2.3.3 Comparisons
2.3.4 Numeric Types -- int, float, long, complex
2.3.5 Iterator Types
2.3.6 Sequence Types -- str, unicode, list, tuple, buffer, xrange
2.3.7 Set Types -- set, frozenset
2.3.8 Mapping Types -- classdict
2.3.9 File Objects
2.3.10 Other Built-in Types
2.3.11 Special Attributes
2.4 Built-in Exceptions
2.5 Built-in Constants
3. Python Runtime Services
3.1 sys -- System-specific parameters and functions
3.2 gc -- Garbage Collector interface
3.3 weakref -- Weak references
3.3.1 Weak Reference Objects
3.3.2 Example
3.3.3 Weak References in Extension Types
3.4 fpectl -- Floating point exception control
3.4.1 Example
3.4.2 Limitations and other considerations
3.5 atexit -- Exit handlers
3.5.1 atexit Example
3.6 types -- Names for built-in types
3.7 UserDict -- Class wrapper for dictionary objects
3.8 UserList -- Class wrapper for list objects
3.9 UserString -- Class wrapper for string objects
3.10 operator -- Standard operators as functions.
3.10.1 Mapping Operators to Functions
3.11 inspect -- Inspect live objects
3.11.1 Types and members
3.11.2 Retrieving source code
3.11.3 Classes and functions
3.11.4 The interpreter stack
3.12 traceback -- Print or retrieve a stack traceback
3.12.1 Traceback Example
3.13 linecache -- Random access to text lines
3.14 pickle -- Python object serialization
3.14.1 Relationship to other Python modules
3.14.2 Data stream format
3.14.3 Usage
3.14.4 What can be pickled and unpickled?
3.14.5 The pickle protocol
3.14.6 Subclassing Unpicklers
3.14.7 Example
3.15 cPickle -- A faster pickle
3.16 copy_reg -- Register pickle support functions
3.17 shelve -- Python object persistence
3.17.1 Restrictions
3.17.2 Example
3.18 copy -- Shallow and deep copy operations
3.19 marshal -- Internal Python object serialization
3.20 warnings -- Warning control
3.20.1 Warning Categories
3.20.2 The Warnings Filter
3.20.3 Available Functions
3.21 imp -- Access the import internals
3.21.1 Examples
3.22 zipimport -- Import modules from Zip archives
3.22.1 zipimporter Objects
3.22.2 Examples
3.23 pkgutil -- Package extension utility
3.24 modulefinder -- Find modules used by a script
3.25 code -- Interpreter base classes
3.25.1 Interactive Interpreter Objects
3.25.2 Interactive Console Objects
3.26 codeop -- Compile Python code
3.27 pprint -- Data pretty printer
3.27.1 PrettyPrinter Objects
3.28 repr -- Alternate repr() implementation
3.28.1 Repr Objects
3.28.2 Subclassing Repr Objects
3.29 new -- Creation of runtime internal objects
3.30 site -- Site-specific configuration hook
3.31 user -- User-specific configuration hook
3.32 __builtin__ -- Built-in objects
3.33 __main__ -- Top-level script environment
3.34 __future__ -- Future statement definitions
4. String Services
4.1 string -- Common string operations
4.1.1 String constants
4.1.2 Template strings
4.1.3 String functions
4.1.4 Deprecated string functions
4.2 re -- Regular expression operations
4.2.1 Regular Expression Syntax
4.2.2 Matching vs Searching
4.2.3 Module Contents
4.2.4 Regular Expression Objects
4.2.5 Match Objects
4.2.6 Examples
4.3 struct -- Interpret strings as packed binary data
4.4 difflib -- Helpers for computing deltas
4.4.1 SequenceMatcher Objects
4.4.2 SequenceMatcher Examples
4.4.3 Differ Objects
4.4.4 Differ Example
4.5 fpformat -- Floating point conversions
4.6 StringIO -- Read and write strings as files
4.7 cStringIO -- Faster version of StringIO
4.8 textwrap -- Text wrapping and filling
4.9 codecs -- Codec registry and base classes
4.9.1 Codec Base Classes
4.9.2 Standard Encodings
4.9.3 encodings.idna -- Internationalized Domain Names in Applications
4.10 unicodedata -- Unicode Database
4.11 stringprep -- Internet String Preparation
5. Miscellaneous Services
5.1 pydoc -- Documentation generator and online help system
5.2 doctest -- Test interactive Python examples
5.2.1 Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings
5.2.2 Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File
5.2.3 How It Works
5.2.4 Basic API
5.2.5 Unittest API
5.2.6 Advanced API
5.2.7 Debugging
5.2.8 Soapbox
5.3 unittest -- Unit testing framework
5.3.1 Basic example
5.3.2 Organizing test code
5.3.3 Re-using old test code
5.3.4 Classes and functions
5.3.5 TestCase Objects
5.3.6 TestSuite Objects
5.3.7 TestResult Objects
5.3.8 TestLoader Objects
5.4 test -- Regression tests package for Python
5.4.1 Writing Unit Tests for the test package
5.4.2 Running tests using test.regrtest
5.5 test.test_support -- Utility functions for tests
5.6 decimal -- Decimal floating point arithmetic
5.6.1 Quick-start Tutorial
5.6.2 Decimal objects
5.6.3 Context objects
5.6.4 Signals
5.6.5 Floating Point Notes
5.6.6 Working with threads
5.6.7 Recipes
5.6.8 Decimal FAQ
5.7 math -- Mathematical functions
5.8 cmath -- Mathematical functions for complex numbers
5.9 random -- Generate pseudo-random numbers
5.10 whrandom -- Pseudo-random number generator
5.11 bisect -- Array bisection algorithm
5.11.1 Examples
5.12 collections -- High-performance container datatypes
5.12.1 Recipes
5.13 heapq -- Heap queue algorithm
5.13.1 Theory
5.14 array -- Efficient arrays of numeric values
5.15 sets -- Unordered collections of unique elements
5.15.1 Set Objects
5.15.2 Example
5.15.3 Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable
5.15.4 Comparison to the built-in set types
5.16 itertools -- Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
5.16.1 Itertool functions
5.16.2 Examples
5.16.3 Recipes
5.17 ConfigParser -- Configuration file parser
5.17.1 RawConfigParser Objects
5.17.2 ConfigParser Objects
5.17.3 SafeConfigParser Objects
5.18 fileinput -- Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
5.19 calendar -- General calendar-related functions
5.20 cmd -- Support for line-oriented command interpreters
5.20.1 Cmd Objects
5.21 shlex -- Simple lexical analysis
5.21.1 shlex Objects
5.21.2 Parsing Rules
6. Generic Operating System Services
6.1 os -- Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
6.1.1 Process Parameters
6.1.2 File Object Creation
6.1.3 File Descriptor Operations
6.1.4 Files and Directories
6.1.5 Process Management
6.1.6 Miscellaneous System Information
6.1.7 Miscellaneous Functions
6.2 os.path -- Common pathname manipulations
6.3 dircache -- Cached directory listings
6.4 stat -- Interpreting stat() results
6.5 statcache -- An optimization of os.stat()
6.6 statvfs -- Constants used with os.statvfs()
6.7 filecmp -- File and Directory Comparisons
6.7.1 The dircmp class
6.8 subprocess -- Subprocess management
6.8.1 Using the subprocess Module
6.8.2 Popen Objects
6.8.3 Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module
6.9 popen2 -- Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
6.9.1 Popen3 and Popen4 Objects
6.9.2 Flow Control Issues
6.10 datetime -- Basic date and time types
6.10.1 Available Types
6.10.2 timedelta Objects
6.10.3 date Objects
6.10.4 datetime Objects
6.10.5 time Objects
6.10.6 tzinfo Objects
6.10.7 strftime() Behavior
6.11 time -- Time access and conversions
6.12 sched -- Event scheduler
6.12.1 Scheduler Objects
6.13 mutex -- Mutual exclusion support
6.13.1 Mutex Objects
6.14 getpass -- Portable password input
6.15 curses -- Terminal handling for character-cell displays
6.15.1 Functions
6.15.2 Window Objects
6.15.3 Constants
6.16 curses.textpad -- Text input widget for curses programs
6.16.1 Textbox objects
6.17 curses.wrapper -- Terminal handler for curses programs
6.18 curses.ascii -- Utilities for ASCII characters
6.19 curses.panel -- A panel stack extension for curses.
6.19.1 Functions
6.19.2 Panel Objects
6.20 getopt -- Parser for command line options
6.21 optparse -- More powerful command line option parser
6.21.1 Background
6.21.2 Tutorial
6.21.3 Reference Guide
6.21.4 Option Callbacks
6.21.5 Extending optparse
6.22 tempfile -- Generate temporary files and directories
6.23 errno -- Standard errno system symbols
6.24 glob -- Unix style pathname pattern expansion
6.25 fnmatch -- Unix filename pattern matching
6.26 shutil -- High-level file operations
6.26.1 Example
6.27 locale -- Internationalization services
6.27.1 Background, details, hints, tips and caveats
6.27.2 For extension writers and programs that embed Python
6.27.3 Access to message catalogs
6.28 gettext -- Multilingual internationalization services
6.28.1 GNU gettext API
6.28.2 Class-based API
6.28.3 Internationalizing your programs and modules
6.28.4 Acknowledgements
6.29 logging -- Logging facility for Python
6.29.1 Logger Objects
6.29.2 Basic example
6.29.3 Logging to multiple destinations
6.29.4 Sending and receiving logging events across a network
6.29.5 Handler Objects
6.29.6 Formatter Objects
6.29.7 Filter Objects
6.29.8 LogRecord Objects
6.29.9 Thread Safety
6.29.10 Configuration
6.30 platform -- Access to underlying platform's identifying data.
6.30.1 Cross Platform
6.30.2 Java Platform
6.30.3 Windows Platform
6.30.4 Mac OS Platform
6.30.5 Unix Platforms
7. Optional Operating System Services
7.1 signal -- Set handlers for asynchronous events
7.1.1 Example
7.2 socket -- Low-level networking interface
7.2.1 Socket Objects
7.2.2 SSL Objects
7.2.3 Example
7.3 select -- Waiting for I/O completion
7.3.1 Polling Objects
7.4 thread -- Multiple threads of control
7.5 threading -- Higher-level threading interface
7.5.1 Lock Objects
7.5.2 RLock Objects
7.5.3 Condition Objects
7.5.4 Semaphore Objects
7.5.5 Event Objects
7.5.6 Thread Objects
7.5.7 Timer Objects
7.6 dummy_thread -- Drop-in replacement for the thread module
7.7 dummy_threading -- Drop-in replacement for the threading module
7.8 Queue -- A synchronized queue class
7.8.1 Queue Objects
7.9 mmap -- Memory-mapped file support
7.10 anydbm -- Generic access to DBM-style databases
7.11 dbhash -- DBM-style interface to the BSD database library
7.11.1 Database Objects
7.12 whichdb -- Guess which DBM module created a database
7.13 bsddb -- Interface to Berkeley DB library
7.13.1 Hash, BTree and Record Objects
7.14 dumbdbm -- Portable DBM implementation
7.14.1 Dumbdbm Objects
7.15 zlib -- Compression compatible with gzip
7.16 gzip -- Support for gzip files
7.17 bz2 -- Compression compatible with bzip2
7.17.1 (De)compression of files
7.17.2 Sequential (de)compression
7.17.3 One-shot (de)compression
7.18 zipfile -- Work with ZIP archives
7.18.1 ZipFile Objects
7.18.2 PyZipFile Objects
7.18.3 ZipInfo Objects
7.19 tarfile -- Read and write tar archive files
7.19.1 TarFile Objects
7.19.2 TarInfo Objects
7.19.3 Examples
7.20 readline -- GNU readline interface
7.20.1 Example
7.21 rlcompleter -- Completion function for GNU readline
7.21.1 Completer Objects
8. Unix Specific Services
8.1 posix -- The most common POSIX system calls
8.1.1 Large File Support
8.1.2 Module Contents
8.2 pwd -- The password database
8.3 grp -- The group database
8.4 crypt -- Function to check Unix passwords
8.5 dl -- Call C functions in shared objects
8.5.1 Dl Objects
8.6 dbm -- Simple ``database'' interface
8.7 gdbm -- GNU's reinterpretation of dbm
8.8 termios -- POSIX style tty control
8.8.1 Example
8.9 tty -- Terminal control functions
8.10 pty -- Pseudo-terminal utilities
8.11 fcntl -- The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls
8.12 pipes -- Interface to shell pipelines
8.12.1 Template Objects
8.13 posixfile -- File-like objects with locking support
8.14 resource -- Resource usage information
8.14.1 Resource Limits
8.14.2 Resource Usage
8.15 nis -- Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)
8.16 syslog -- Unix syslog library routines
8.17 commands -- Utilities for running commands
9. The Python Debugger
9.1 Debugger Commands
9.2 How It Works
10. The Python Profiler
10.1 Introduction to the profiler
10.2 How Is This Profiler Different From The Old Profiler?
10.3 Instant Users Manual
10.4 What Is Deterministic Profiling?
10.5 Reference Manual
10.5.1 The Stats Class
10.6 Limitations
10.7 Calibration
10.8 Extensions -- Deriving Better Profilers
10.9 hotshot -- High performance logging profiler
10.9.1 Profile Objects
10.9.2 Using hotshot data
10.9.3 Example Usage
10.10 timeit -- Measure execution time of small code snippets
10.10.1 Command Line Interface
10.10.2 Examples
11. Internet Protocols and Support
11.1 webbrowser -- Convenient Web-browser controller
11.1.1 Browser Controller Objects
11.2 cgi -- Common Gateway Interface support.
11.2.1 Introduction
11.2.2 Using the cgi module
11.2.3 Higher Level Interface
11.2.4 Old classes
11.2.5 Functions
11.2.6 Caring about security
11.2.7 Installing your CGI script on a Unix system
11.2.8 Testing your CGI script
11.2.9 Debugging CGI scripts
11.2.10 Common problems and solutions
11.3 cgitb -- Traceback manager for CGI scripts
11.4 urllib -- Open arbitrary resources by URL
11.4.1 URLopener Objects
11.4.2 Examples
11.5 urllib2 -- extensible library for opening URLs
11.5.1 Request Objects
11.5.2 OpenerDirector Objects
11.5.3 BaseHandler Objects
11.5.4 HTTPRedirectHandler Objects
11.5.5 HTTPCookieProcessor Objects
11.5.6 ProxyHandler Objects
11.5.7 HTTPPasswordMgr Objects
11.5.8 AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
11.5.9 HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
11.5.10 ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
11.5.11 AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
11.5.12 HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
11.5.13 ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
11.5.14 HTTPHandler Objects
11.5.15 HTTPSHandler Objects
11.5.16 FileHandler Objects
11.5.17 FTPHandler Objects
11.5.18 CacheFTPHandler Objects
11.5.19 GopherHandler Objects
11.5.20 UnknownHandler Objects
11.5.21 HTTPErrorProcessor Objects
11.5.22 Examples
11.6 httplib -- HTTP protocol client
11.6.1 HTTPConnection Objects
11.6.2 HTTPResponse Objects
11.6.3 Examples
11.7 ftplib -- FTP protocol client
11.7.1 FTP Objects
11.8 gopherlib -- Gopher protocol client
11.9 poplib -- POP3 protocol client
11.9.1 POP3 Objects
11.9.2 POP3 Example
11.10 imaplib -- IMAP4 protocol client
11.10.1 IMAP4 Objects
11.10.2 IMAP4 Example
11.11 nntplib -- NNTP protocol client
11.11.1 NNTP Objects
11.12 smtplib -- SMTP protocol client
11.12.1 SMTP Objects
11.12.2 SMTP Example
11.13 smtpd -- SMTP Server
11.13.1 SMTPServer Objects
11.13.2 DebuggingServer Objects
11.13.3 PureProxy Objects
11.13.4 MailmanProxy Objects
11.14 telnetlib -- Telnet client
11.14.1 Telnet Objects
11.14.2 Telnet Example
11.15 urlparse -- Parse URLs into components
11.16 SocketServer -- A framework for network servers
11.16.1 Server Creation Notes
11.16.2 Server Objects
11.16.3 RequestHandler Objects
11.17 BaseHTTPServer -- Basic HTTP server
11.18 SimpleHTTPServer -- Simple HTTP request handler
11.19 CGIHTTPServer -- CGI-capable HTTP request handler
11.20 cookielib -- Cookie handling for HTTP clients
11.20.1 CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects
11.20.2 FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers
11.20.3 CookiePolicy Objects
11.20.4 DefaultCookiePolicy Objects
11.20.5 Cookie Objects
11.20.6 Examples
11.21 Cookie -- HTTP state management
11.21.1 Cookie Objects
11.21.2 Morsel Objects
11.21.3 Example
11.22 xmlrpclib -- XML-RPC client access
11.22.1 ServerProxy Objects
11.22.2 Boolean Objects
11.22.3 DateTime Objects
11.22.4 Binary Objects
11.22.5 Fault Objects
11.22.6 ProtocolError Objects
11.22.7 MultiCall Objects
11.22.8 Convenience Functions
11.22.9 Example of Client Usage
11.23 SimpleXMLRPCServer -- Basic XML-RPC server
11.23.1 SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects
11.23.2 CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
11.24 DocXMLRPCServer -- Self-documenting XML-RPC server
11.24.1 DocXMLRPCServer Objects
11.24.2 DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
11.25 asyncore -- Asynchronous socket handler
11.25.1 asyncore Example basic HTTP client
11.26 asynchat -- Asynchronous socket command/response handler
11.26.1 asynchat - Auxiliary Classes and Functions
11.26.2 asynchat Example
12. Internet Data Handling
12.1 formatter -- Generic output formatting
12.1.1 The Formatter Interface
12.1.2 Formatter Implementations
12.1.3 The Writer Interface
12.1.4 Writer Implementations
12.2 email -- An email and MIME handling package
12.2.1 Representing an email message
12.2.2 Parsing email messages
12.2.3 Generating MIME documents
12.2.4 Creating email and MIME objects from scratch
12.2.5 Internationalized headers
12.2.6 Representing character sets
12.2.7 Encoders
12.2.8 Exception and Defect classes
12.2.9 Miscellaneous utilities
12.2.10 Iterators
12.2.11 Package History
12.2.12 Differences from mimelib
12.2.13 Examples
12.3 mailcap -- Mailcap file handling.
12.4 mailbox -- Read various mailbox formats
12.4.1 Mailbox Objects
12.5 mhlib -- Access to MH mailboxes
12.5.1 MH Objects
12.5.2 Folder Objects
12.5.3 Message Objects
12.6 mimetools -- Tools for parsing MIME messages
12.6.1 Additional Methods of Message Objects
12.7 mimetypes -- Map filenames to MIME types
12.7.1 MimeTypes Objects
12.8 MimeWriter -- Generic MIME file writer
12.8.1 MimeWriter Objects
12.9 mimify -- MIME processing of mail messages
12.10 multifile -- Support for files containing distinct parts
12.10.1 MultiFile Objects
12.10.2 MultiFile Example
12.11 rfc822 -- Parse RFC 2822 mail headers
12.11.1 Message Objects
12.11.2 AddressList Objects
12.12 base64 -- RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings
12.13 binascii -- Convert between binary and ASCII
12.14 binhex -- Encode and decode binhex4 files
12.14.1 Notes
12.15 quopri -- Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
12.16 uu -- Encode and decode uuencode files
12.17 xdrlib -- Encode and decode XDR data
12.17.1 Packer Objects
12.17.2 Unpacker Objects
12.17.3 Exceptions
12.18 netrc -- netrc file processing
12.18.1 netrc Objects
12.19 robotparser -- Parser for robots.txt
12.20 csv -- CSV File Reading and Writing
12.20.1 Module Contents
12.20.2 Dialects and Formatting Parameters
12.20.3 Reader Objects
12.20.4 Writer Objects
12.20.5 Examples
13. Structured Markup Processing Tools
13.1 HTMLParser -- Simple HTML and XHTML parser
13.1.1 Example HTML Parser Application
13.2 sgmllib -- Simple SGML parser
13.3 htmllib -- A parser for HTML documents
13.3.1 HTMLParser Objects
13.4 htmlentitydefs -- Definitions of HTML general entities
13.5 xml.parsers.expat -- Fast XML parsing using Expat
13.5.1 XMLParser Objects
13.5.2 ExpatError Exceptions
13.5.3 Example
13.5.4 Content Model Descriptions
13.5.5 Expat error constants
13.6 xml.dom -- The Document Object Model API
13.6.1 Module Contents
13.6.2 Objects in the DOM
13.6.3 Conformance
13.7 xml.dom.minidom -- Lightweight DOM implementation
13.7.1 DOM Objects
13.7.2 DOM Example
13.7.3 minidom and the DOM standard
13.8 xml.dom.pulldom -- Support for building partial DOM trees
13.8.1 DOMEventStream Objects
13.9 xml.sax -- Support for SAX2 parsers
13.9.1 SAXException Objects
13.10 xml.sax.handler -- Base classes for SAX handlers
13.10.1 ContentHandler Objects
13.10.2 DTDHandler Objects
13.10.3 EntityResolver Objects
13.10.4 ErrorHandler Objects
13.11 xml.sax.saxutils -- SAX Utilities
13.12 xml.sax.xmlreader -- Interface for XML parsers
13.12.1 XMLReader Objects
13.12.2 IncrementalParser Objects
13.12.3 Locator Objects
13.12.4 InputSource Objects
13.12.5 The Attributes Interface
13.12.6 The AttributesNS Interface
13.13 xmllib -- A parser for XML documents
13.13.1 XML Namespaces
14. Multimedia Services
14.1 audioop -- Manipulate raw audio data
14.2 imageop -- Manipulate raw image data
14.3 aifc -- Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
14.4 sunau -- Read and write Sun AU files
14.4.1 AU_read Objects
14.4.2 AU_write Objects
14.5 wave -- Read and write WAV files
14.5.1 Wave_read Objects
14.5.2 Wave_write Objects
14.6 chunk -- Read IFF chunked data
14.7 colorsys -- Conversions between color systems
14.8 rgbimg -- Read and write ``SGI RGB'' files
14.9 imghdr -- Determine the type of an image
14.10 sndhdr -- Determine type of sound file
14.11 ossaudiodev -- Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
14.11.1 Audio Device Objects
14.11.2 Mixer Device Objects
15. Cryptographic Services
15.1 hmac -- Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
15.2 md5 -- MD5 message digest algorithm
15.3 sha -- SHA-1 message digest algorithm
16. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
16.1 Tkinter -- Python interface to Tcl/Tk
16.1.1 Tkinter Modules
16.1.2 Tkinter Life Preserver
16.1.3 A (Very) Quick Look at Tcl/Tk
16.1.4 Mapping Basic Tk into Tkinter
16.1.5 How Tk and Tkinter are Related
16.1.6 Handy Reference
16.2 Tix -- Extension widgets for Tk
16.2.1 Using Tix
16.2.2 Tix Widgets
16.2.3 Tix Commands
16.3 ScrolledText -- Scrolled Text Widget
16.4 turtle -- Turtle graphics for Tk
16.4.1 Pen and RawPen Objects
16.5 Idle
16.5.1 Menus
16.5.2 Basic editing and navigation
16.5.3 Syntax colors
16.6 Other Graphical User Interface Packages
17. Restricted Execution
17.1 rexec -- Restricted execution framework
17.1.1 RExec Objects
17.1.2 Defining restricted environments
17.1.3 An example
17.2 Bastion -- Restricting access to objects
18. Python Language Services
18.1 parser -- Access Python parse trees
18.1.1 Creating AST Objects
18.1.2 Converting AST Objects
18.1.3 Queries on AST Objects
18.1.4 Exceptions and Error Handling
18.1.5 AST Objects
18.1.6 Examples
18.2 symbol -- Constants used with Python parse trees
18.3 token -- Constants used with Python parse trees
18.4 keyword -- Testing for Python keywords
18.5 tokenize -- Tokenizer for Python source
18.6 tabnanny -- Detection of ambiguous indentation
18.7 pyclbr -- Python class browser support
18.7.1 Class Descriptor Objects
18.7.2 Function Descriptor Objects
18.8 py_compile -- Compile Python source files
18.9 compileall -- Byte-compile Python libraries
18.10 dis -- Disassembler for Python byte code
18.10.1 Python Byte Code Instructions
18.11 pickletools -- Tools for pickle developers.
18.12 distutils -- Building and installing Python modules
19. Python compiler package
19.1 The basic interface
19.2 Limitations
19.3 Python Abstract Syntax
19.3.1 AST Nodes
19.3.2 Assignment nodes
19.3.3 Examples
19.4 Using Visitors to Walk ASTs
19.5 Bytecode Generation
20. SGI IRIX Specific Services
20.1 al -- Audio functions on the SGI
20.1.1 Configuration Objects
20.1.2 Port Objects
20.2 AL -- Constants used with the al module
20.3 cd -- CD-ROM access on SGI systems
20.3.1 Player Objects
20.3.2 Parser Objects
20.4 fl -- FORMS library for graphical user interfaces
20.4.1 Functions Defined in Module fl
20.4.2 Form Objects
20.4.3 FORMS Objects
20.5 FL -- Constants used with the fl module
20.6 flp -- Functions for loading stored FORMS designs
20.7 fm -- Font Manager interface
20.8 gl -- Graphics Library interface
20.9 DEVICE -- Constants used with the gl module
20.10 GL -- Constants used with the gl module
20.11 imgfile -- Support for SGI imglib files
20.12 jpeg -- Read and write JPEG files
21. SunOS Specific Services
21.1 sunaudiodev -- Access to Sun audio hardware
21.1.1 Audio Device Objects
21.2 SUNAUDIODEV -- Constants used with sunaudiodev
22. MS Windows Specific Services
22.1 msvcrt - Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
22.1.1 File Operations
22.1.2 Console I/O
22.1.3 Other Functions
22.2 _winreg - Windows registry access
22.2.1 Registry Handle Objects
22.3 winsound -- Sound-playing interface for Windows
A. Undocumented Modules
A.1 Frameworks
A.2 Miscellaneous useful utilities
A.3 Platform specific modules
A.4 Multimedia
A.5 Obsolete
A.6 SGI-specific Extension modules
B. Reporting Bugs
C. History and License
C.1 History of the software
C.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
C.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
C.3.1 Mersenne Twister
C.3.2 Sockets
C.3.3 Floating point exception control
C.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
C.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
C.3.6 Cookie management
C.3.7 Profiling
C.3.8 Execution tracing
C.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
C.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
Module Index
Index
Language Reference
1. Introduction
1.1 Alternate Implementations
1.2 Notation
2. Lexical analysis
2.1 Line structure
2.1.1 Logical lines
2.1.2 Physical lines
2.1.3 Comments
2.1.4 Encoding declarations
2.1.5 Explicit line joining
2.1.6 Implicit line joining
2.1.7 Blank lines
2.1.8 Indentation
2.1.9 Whitespace between tokens
2.2 Other tokens
2.3 Identifiers and keywords
2.3.1 Keywords
2.3.2 Reserved classes of identifiers
2.4 Literals
2.4.1 String literals
2.4.2 String literal concatenation
2.4.3 Numeric literals
2.4.4 Integer and long integer literals
2.4.5 Floating point literals
2.4.6 Imaginary literals
2.5 Operators
2.6 Delimiters
3. Data model
3.1 Objects, values and types
3.2 The standard type hierarchy
3.3 Special method names
3.3.1 Basic customization
3.3.2 Customizing attribute access
3.3.3 Customizing class creation
3.3.4 Emulating callable objects
3.3.5 Emulating container types
3.3.6 Additional methods for emulation of sequence types
3.3.7 Emulating numeric types
3.3.8 Coercion rules
4. Execution model
4.1 Naming and binding
4.1.1 Interaction with dynamic features
4.2 Exceptions
5. Expressions
5.1 Arithmetic conversions
5.2 Atoms
5.2.1 Identifiers (Names)
5.2.2 Literals
5.2.3 Parenthesized forms
5.2.4 List displays
5.2.5 Generator expressions
5.2.6 Dictionary displays
5.2.7 String conversions
5.3 Primaries
5.3.1 Attribute references
5.3.2 Subscriptions
5.3.3 Slicings
5.3.4 Calls
5.4 The power operator
5.5 Unary arithmetic operations
5.6 Binary arithmetic operations
5.7 Shifting operations
5.8 Binary bit-wise operations
5.9 Comparisons
5.10 Boolean operations
5.11 Lambdas
5.12 Expression lists
5.13 Evaluation order
5.14 Summary
6. Simple statements
6.1 Expression statements
6.2 Assert statements
6.3 Assignment statements
6.3.1 Augmented assignment statements
6.4 The pass statement
6.5 The del statement
6.6 The print statement
6.7 The return statement
6.8 The yield statement
6.9 The raise statement
6.10 The break statement
6.11 The continue statement
6.12 The import statement
6.12.1 Future statements
6.13 The global statement
6.14 The exec statement
7. Compound statements
7.1 The if statement
7.2 The while statement
7.3 The for statement
7.4 The try statement
7.5 Function definitions
7.6 Class definitions
8. Top-level components
8.1 Complete Python programs
8.2 File input
8.3 Interactive input
8.4 Expression input
A. History and License
A.1 History of the software
A.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
A.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
A.3.1 Mersenne Twister
A.3.2 Sockets
A.3.3 Floating point exception control
A.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
A.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
A.3.6 Cookie management
A.3.7 Profiling
A.3.8 Execution tracing
A.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
A.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
Index
Macintosh Reference
1. Using Python on a Macintosh
1.1 Getting and Installing MacPython
1.1.1 How to run a Python script
1.1.2 Running scripts with a GUI
1.1.3 configuration
1.2 The IDE
1.2.1 Using the ``Python Interactive'' window
1.2.2 Writing a Python Script
1.2.3 Executing a script from within the IDE
1.2.4 ``Save as'' versus ``Save as Applet''
1.3 The Package Manager
2. MacPython Modules
2.1 macpath -- MacOS path manipulation functions
2.2 macfs -- Various file system services
2.2.1 FSSpec Objects
2.2.2 Alias Objects
2.2.3 FInfo Objects
2.3 ic -- Access to Internet Config
2.3.1 IC Objects
2.4 MacOS -- Access to Mac OS interpreter features
2.5 macostools -- Convenience routines for file manipulation
2.6 findertools -- The finder's Apple Events interface
2.7 EasyDialogs -- Basic Macintosh dialogs
2.7.1 ProgressBar Objects
2.8 FrameWork -- Interactive application framework
2.8.1 Application Objects
2.8.2 Window Objects
2.8.3 ControlsWindow Object
2.8.4 ScrolledWindow Object
2.8.5 DialogWindow Objects
2.9 autoGIL -- Global Interpreter Lock handling in event loops
3. MacPython OSA Modules
3.1 gensuitemodule -- Generate OSA stub packages
3.2 aetools -- OSA client support
3.3 aepack -- Conversion between Python variables and AppleEvent data containers
3.4 aetypes -- AppleEvent objects
3.5 MiniAEFrame -- Open Scripting Architecture server support
3.5.1 AEServer Objects
4. MacOS Toolbox Modules
4.1 Carbon.AE -- Apple Events
4.2 Carbon.AH -- Apple Help
4.3 Carbon.App -- Appearance Manager
4.4 Carbon.CF -- Core Foundation
4.5 Carbon.CG -- Core Graphics
4.6 Carbon.CarbonEvt -- Carbon Event Manager
4.7 Carbon.Cm -- Component Manager
4.8 Carbon.Ctl -- Control Manager
4.9 Carbon.Dlg -- Dialog Manager
4.10 Carbon.Evt -- Event Manager
4.11 Carbon.Fm -- Font Manager
4.12 Carbon.Folder -- Folder Manager
4.13 Carbon.Help -- Help Manager
4.14 Carbon.List -- List Manager
4.15 Carbon.Menu -- Menu Manager
4.16 Carbon.Mlte -- MultiLingual Text Editor
4.17 Carbon.Qd -- QuickDraw
4.18 Carbon.Qdoffs -- QuickDraw Offscreen
4.19 Carbon.Qt -- QuickTime
4.20 Carbon.Res -- Resource Manager and Handles
4.21 Carbon.Scrap -- Scrap Manager
4.22 Carbon.Snd -- Sound Manager
4.23 Carbon.TE -- TextEdit
4.24 Carbon.Win -- Window Manager
4.25 ColorPicker -- Color selection dialog
5. Undocumented Modules
5.1 applesingle -- AppleSingle decoder
5.2 buildtools -- Helper module for BuildApplet and Friends
5.3 cfmfile -- Code Fragment Resource module
5.4 icopen -- Internet Config replacement for open()
5.5 macerrors -- Mac OS Errors
5.6 macresource -- Locate script resources
5.7 Nav -- NavServices calls
5.8 PixMapWrapper -- Wrapper for PixMap objects
5.9 videoreader -- Read QuickTime movies
5.10 W -- Widgets built on FrameWork
5.11 waste -- non-Apple TextEdit replacement
A. History and License
A.1 History of the software
A.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
A.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
A.3.1 Mersenne Twister
A.3.2 Sockets
A.3.3 Floating point exception control
A.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
A.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
A.3.6 Cookie management
A.3.7 Profiling
A.3.8 Execution tracing
A.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
A.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
Module Index
Index
Extending and Embedding
1. Extending Python with C or C++
1.1 A Simple Example
1.2 Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions
1.3 Back to the Example
1.4 The Module's Method Table and Initialization Function
1.5 Compilation and Linkage
1.6 Calling Python Functions from C
1.7 Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions
1.8 Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions
1.9 Building Arbitrary Values
1.10 Reference Counts
1.10.1 Reference Counting in Python
1.10.2 Ownership Rules
1.10.3 Thin Ice
1.10.4 NULL Pointers
1.11 Writing Extensions in C++
1.12 Providing a C API for an Extension Module
2. Defining New Types
2.1 The Basics
2.1.1 Adding data and methods to the Basic example
2.1.2 Providing finer control over data attributes
2.1.3 Supporting cyclic garbage collection
2.2 Type Methods
2.2.1 Finalization and De-allocation
2.2.2 Object Presentation
2.2.3 Attribute Management
2.2.4 Object Comparison
2.2.5 Abstract Protocol Support
2.2.6 More Suggestions
3. Building C and C++ Extensions with distutils
3.1 Distributing your extension modules
4. Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows
4.1 A Cookbook Approach
4.2 Differences Between Unix and Windows
4.3 Using DLLs in Practice
5. Embedding Python in Another Application
5.1 Very High Level Embedding
5.2 Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview
5.3 Pure Embedding
5.4 Extending Embedded Python
5.5 Embedding Python in C++
5.6 Linking Requirements
A. Reporting Bugs
B. History and License
B.1 History of the software
B.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
B.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
B.3.1 Mersenne Twister
B.3.2 Sockets
B.3.3 Floating point exception control
B.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
B.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
B.3.6 Cookie management
B.3.7 Profiling
B.3.8 Execution tracing
B.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
B.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
Python/C API
1. Introduction
1.1 Include Files
1.2 Objects, Types and Reference Counts
1.2.1 Reference Counts
1.2.2 Types
1.3 Exceptions
1.4 Embedding Python
2. The Very High Level Layer
3. Reference Counting
4. Exception Handling
4.1 Standard Exceptions
4.2 Deprecation of String Exceptions
5. Utilities
5.1 Operating System Utilities
5.2 Process Control
5.3 Importing Modules
5.4 Data marshalling support
5.5 Parsing arguments and building values
6. Abstract Objects Layer
6.1 Object Protocol
6.2 Number Protocol
6.3 Sequence Protocol
6.4 Mapping Protocol
6.5 Iterator Protocol
6.6 Buffer Protocol
7. Concrete Objects Layer
7.1 Fundamental Objects
7.1.1 Type Objects
7.1.2 The None Object
7.2 Numeric Objects
7.2.1 Plain Integer Objects
7.2.2 Boolean Objects
7.2.3 Long Integer Objects
7.2.4 Floating Point Objects
7.2.5 Complex Number Objects
7.3 Sequence Objects
7.3.1 String Objects
7.3.2 Unicode Objects
7.3.3 Buffer Objects
7.3.4 Tuple Objects
7.3.5 List Objects
7.4 Mapping Objects
7.4.1 Dictionary Objects
7.5 Other Objects
7.5.1 File Objects
7.5.2 Instance Objects
7.5.3 Method Objects
7.5.4 Module Objects
7.5.5 Iterator Objects
7.5.6 Descriptor Objects
7.5.7 Slice Objects
7.5.8 Weak Reference Objects
7.5.9 CObjects
7.5.10 Cell Objects
7.5.11 Generator Objects
7.5.12 DateTime Objects
8. Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
8.1 Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock
8.2 Profiling and Tracing
8.3 Advanced Debugger Support
9. Memory Management
9.1 Overview
9.2 Memory Interface
9.3 Examples
10. Object Implementation Support
10.1 Allocating Objects on the Heap
10.2 Common Object Structures
10.3 Type Objects
10.4 Mapping Object Structures
10.5 Number Object Structures
10.6 Sequence Object Structures
10.7 Buffer Object Structures
10.8 Supporting the Iterator Protocol
10.9 Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection
A. Reporting Bugs
B. History and License
B.1 History of the software
B.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
B.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
B.3.1 Mersenne Twister
B.3.2 Sockets
B.3.3 Floating point exception control
B.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
B.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
B.3.6 Cookie management
B.3.7 Profiling
B.3.8 Execution tracing
B.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
B.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
Index
Documenting Python
1 Introduction
2 Directory Structure
3 Style Guide
4 LaTeX Primer
4.1 Syntax
4.2 Hierarchical Structure
4.3 Common Environments
5 Document Classes
6 Special Markup Constructs
6.1 Markup for the Preamble
6.2 Meta-information Markup
6.3 Information Units
6.4 Showing Code Examples
6.5 Inline Markup
6.6 Miscellaneous Text Markup
6.7 Module-specific Markup
6.8 Library-level Markup
6.9 Table Markup
6.10 Reference List Markup
6.11 Index-generating Markup
6.12 Grammar Production Displays
6.13 Graphical Interface Components
7 Processing Tools
7.1 External Tools
7.2 Internal Tools
7.3 Working on Cygwin
8 Including Graphics
9 Future Directions
9.1 Structured Documentation
9.2 Discussion Forums
Installing Python Modules
1 Introduction
1.1 Best case: trivial installation
1.2 The new standard: Distutils
2 Standard Build and Install
2.1 Platform variations
2.2 Splitting the job up
2.3 How building works
2.4 How installation works
3 Alternate Installation
3.1 Alternate installation: the home scheme
3.2 Alternate installation: Unix (the prefix scheme)
3.3 Alternate installation: Windows (the prefix scheme)
4 Custom Installation
4.1 Modifying Python's Search Path
5 Distutils Configuration Files
5.1 Location and names of config files
5.2 Syntax of config files
6 Building Extensions: Tips and Tricks
6.1 Tweaking compiler/linker flags
6.2 Using non-Microsoft compilers on Windows
6.2.1 Borland C++
6.2.2 GNU C / Cygwin / MinGW
About this document ...
Distributing Python Modules
1. An Introduction to Distutils
1.1 Concepts & Terminology
1.2 A Simple Example
1.3 General Python terminology
1.4 Distutils-specific terminology
2. Writing the Setup Script
2.1 Listing whole packages
2.2 Listing individual modules
2.3 Describing extension modules
2.3.1 Extension names and packages
2.3.2 Extension source files
2.3.3 Preprocessor options
2.3.4 Library options
2.3.5 Other options
2.4 Installing Scripts
2.5 Installing Package Data
2.6 Installing Additional Files
2.7 Additional meta-data
2.8 Debugging the setup script
3. Writing the Setup Configuration File
4. Creating a Source Distribution
4.1 Specifying the files to distribute
4.2 Manifest-related options
5. Creating Built Distributions
5.1 Creating dumb built distributions
5.2 Creating RPM packages
5.3 Creating Windows Installers
5.3.1 The Postinstallation script
6. Registering with the Package Index
7. Examples
7.1 Pure Python distribution (by module)
7.2 Pure Python distribution (by package)
7.3 Single extension module
8. Extending Distutils
8.1 Integrating new commands
9. Command Reference
9.1 Installing modules: the install command family
9.1.1 install_data
9.1.2 install_scripts
9.2 Creating a source distribution: the sdist command
10. API Reference
10.1 distutils.core -- Core Distutils functionality
10.2 distutils.ccompiler -- CCompiler base class
10.3 distutils.unixccompiler -- Unix C Compiler
10.4 distutils.msvccompiler -- Microsoft Compiler
10.5 distutils.bcppcompiler -- Borland Compiler
10.6 distutils.cygwincompiler -- Cygwin Compiler
10.7 distutils.emxccompiler -- OS/2 EMX Compiler
10.8 distutils.mwerkscompiler -- Metrowerks CodeWarrior support
10.9 distutils.archive_util -- Archiving utilities
10.10 distutils.dep_util -- Dependency checking
10.11 distutils.dir_util -- Directory tree operations
10.12 distutils.file_util -- Single file operations
10.13 distutils.util -- Miscellaneous other utility functions
10.14 distutils.dist -- The Distribution class
10.15 distutils.extension -- The Extension class
10.16 distutils.debug -- Distutils debug mode
10.17 distutils.errors -- Distutils exceptions
10.18 distutils.fancy_getopt -- Wrapper around the standard getopt module
10.19 distutils.filelist -- The FileList class
10.20 distutils.log -- Simple PEP 282-style logging
10.21 distutils.spawn -- Spawn a sub-process
10.22 distutils.sysconfig -- System configuration information
10.23 distutils.text_file -- The TextFile class
10.24 distutils.version -- Version number classes
10.25 distutils.cmd -- Abstract base class for Distutils commands
10.26 distutils.command -- Individual Distutils commands
10.27 distutils.command.bdist -- Build a binary installer
10.28 distutils.command.bdist_packager -- Abstract base class for packagers
10.29 distutils.command.bdist_dumb -- Build a ``dumb'' installer
10.30 distutils.command.bdist_rpm -- Build a binary distribution as a Redhat RPM and SRPM
10.31 distutils.command.bdist_wininst -- Build a Windows installer
10.32 distutils.command.sdist -- Build a source distribution
10.33 distutils.command.build -- Build all files of a package
10.34 distutils.command.build_clib -- Build any C libraries in a package
10.35 distutils.command.build_ext -- Build any extensions in a package
10.36 distutils.command.build_py -- Build the .py/.pyc files of a package
10.37 distutils.command.build_scripts -- Build the scripts of a package
10.38 distutils.command.clean -- Clean a package build area
10.39 distutils.command.config -- Perform package configuration
10.40 distutils.command.install -- Install a package
10.41 distutils.command.install_data -- Install data files from a package
10.42 distutils.command.install_headers -- Install C/C++ header files from a package
10.43 distutils.command.install_lib -- Install library files from a package
10.44 distutils.command.install_scripts -- Install script files from a package
10.45 distutils.command.register -- Register a module with the Python Package Index
10.46 Creating a new Distutils command
Module Index
Index
About this document ...
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